Midterm

Question 1

Fixed ratio

Answer 1

Programmed to deliver reinforcement after a fixed number of responses is made.

Question 2

There is a pause after reinforcement, then a few probe responses, followed by more and more rapid responding as the interval times out. This pattern is called ______

Answer 2

Scalloping

Question 3

Fixed schedule

Answer 3

The response ratio of the time requirement remains constant.

Question 4

Delivery of a reinforced is contingent on the correct response after a specific amount of correct responses have emitted or a specific allotted amount of time has passed. True or false

Answer 4

True

Question 5

An operant is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed

Answer 5

Fixed interval schedule

Question 6

Requires a number of responses before one response produces reinforcement

Answer 6

Ratio schedules

Question 7

Subjects are exposed to a schedule of reinforcement and, following an acquisition period, behavior typically settles into a consistent of ___________

Answer 7

Steady-state performance

Question 8

The periods of time before steady state performances are establishes are known as _____

Answer 8

Traditional-state performances

Question 9

During transition-state performance behavior patterns are not consistent or regular. True or false

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Schedules in which some, but not all occurrences of behavior are reinforced. Usually necessary for the progression to naturally occurring reinforcement.

Answer 10

Intermittent schedules of reinforcement

Question 11

Used to teach new behaviors. Provides reinforcement for every occurrence of a behavior.

Answer 11

CRF schedules

Question 12

INT (intermittent) schedules are used to teach new behaviors. True or false?

Answer 12

False. They are used primarily to maintain established behaviors

Question 13

A schedules where the number of responses (ratio) increases or decreases after reinforcement

Answer 13

Progressive ratio (PR) schedule

Question 14

In a PR schedule, the response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time dependent of the participant’s behavior. True or false?

Answer 14

False. Independent of the participant’s behavior

Question 15

Implies that the effects of reinforcement extend over species, reinforcement, and behavior.

Answer 15

Assumption of generality

Question 16

When learning the most effective schedule of reinforcement is:

Answer 16

Continuous

Question 17

A measure of persistence when reinforcement is discontinued

Answer 17

Resistance to extinction

Question 18

A reinforcer is available for a set time after a variable interval

Answer 18

Limited-hold

Question 19

Early performance on a schedule is referred to as

Answer 19

Transition-state performance

Question 20

FR schedules produce a rapid __ __ ____, followed by reinforcement, then a pause of responding.

Answer 20

Run of responses

Question 21

Continuous reinforcement is also known as

Answer 21

FR1

Question 22

The flat part of the cumulative record is called the

Answer 22

Postreinforcement pause (PRP)

Question 23

Schedules responses are reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed

Answer 23

Variable interval (VI)

Question 24

Large and sudden increases in schedules may produce ___ and is why a slow progression to a higher schedule implemented and is more efficient.

Answer 24

Extinction

Question 25

Events that organisms avoid or escape from

Answer 25

Avoidance

Question 26

An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history

Answer 26

Primary aversive stimuli

Question 27

Stimuli that have become aversive based on history of conditioning

Answer 27

Conditioned aversive stimuli (S.A.V.E)

Question 28

A behavioral contingency that results in a decrease in rate of response.

Answer 28

Punishment

Question 29

Occurs when a stimulus is presented following an operant and the rate of response decreases

Answer 29

Positive punishment

Question 30

Occurs when a stimulus is removed contingent on a response and the removal results in a decrease in rate of behavior.

Answer 30

Negative punishment

Question 31

A lower frequency operant will punish a higher frequency behavior

Answer 31

Relativity of punishment: the Premack principle

Question 32

Higher intensity of punishment results in greater response suppression, and severe values of the punisher may permanently change behavior. True or false?

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Punishment is most effective at reducing responses when it is presented shortly after the behavior

Answer 33

Immediacy of punishment

Question 34

Punishment delivered continuously is more effective versus intermittently. As the rate of punishment increases the response decreases.

Answer 34

Schedule of punishment

Question 35

Punishment will be less effective if you give an organism another way to obtain reinforcement. True or false?

Answer 35

False. More effective

Question 36

A response is made WHILE the punishing stimulus is occurring

Answer 36

Escape

Question 37

When one person punishes another's behavior, the punished individual may retaliate

Answer 37

Operant aggression

Question 38

Occurs when painful stimuli are presented to 2 organisms and the organisms attack each other . This may also be known as pain-elicited aggression

Answer 38

Reflexive aggression

Question 39

Not warning people of a punishment that may or may not occur

Answer 39

Abrupt introduction of punishment

Question 40

Higher intensity of punishment results in greater response suppression.

Answer 40

Intensity of punishment

Question 41

Behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences that in turn strengthen the behavior if it is reinforced.

Answer 41

Operant behavior.

Question 42

Elicited by antecedent events

Answer 42

Respondent behavior

Question 43

Responses that produce a change in the environment are called ___

Answer 43

Operants

Question 44

Defines as any consequences that increases the probability of the operant that produced it.

Answer 44

Positive reinforcer

Question 45

The process of increasing the frequency of a behavior/response

Answer 45

Reinforcement/punishment

Question 46

The stimulus that behavior/response(s) strengthening is contingent upon.

Answer 46

Reinforcer/punisher

Question 47

In the presence of S-delta, the probability of emitting and operant increases. True or false?

Answer 47

False decreases

Question 48

Even a one second delay, can reinforce or punish the wrong behavior. True or false

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately following a response results in the increase in the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 49

Reinforcement

Question 50

A decrease in the frequency of behavior presumed to be the result of the continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior

Answer 50

Satiation

Question 51

If you have a professor that ignores you every time you raise your hand, you will be less likely to ask questions in his class in the future. what is this an example of?

Answer 51

S-delta

Question 52

A state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it consumed or contacted a particular reinforcer

Answer 52

Deprivation

Question 53

An event that precedes an operant and alters its likelihood is said to se the occasion for behavior and is called a

Answer 53

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

Question 54

Defines the relationship between the events that set the occassion for behavior, the operant class, and the consequences that follow this behavior.

Answer 54

Contingency of reinforcement

Question 55

Variations in form or topography as extinction proceeds

Answer 55

Operant variability

Question 56

A process in which a stimulus is presented contingent upon a response and there is a decrease in the probability of that response happening in the future.

Answer 56

Positive punishment

Question 57

A measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of the response that follows.

Answer 57

Latency

Question 58

An increase or decrease in operant behavior as a function of a contingency of reinforcement

Answer 58

Operant conditioning.

Question 59

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately following a response results in the DECREASE in the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 59

Punishment

Question 60

A stimulus, event, activity, or condition that will decrease the future frequency of the responding that it has immediately followed

Answer 60

Punisher

Question 61

A higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior

Answer 61

Premack's principle (grandma's law)

Question 62

When extinction is started, operant behavior tends to increase in frequency

Answer 62

Extinction burst

Question 63

Reinforcement may be made contingent on the force of response, resulting in ________

Answer 63

Response differentiation

Question 64

One important kind of emotional behavior that occurs during extinction is ______

Answer 64

Aggression

Question 65

A low rate of operant behavior that occurs as a function of s-delta

Answer 65

Discriminated extinction

Question 66

As extinction proceeds, emotional behavior subsides and rate of response declines.

Answer 66

Resistance to extinction.

Question 67

The process of withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced response is called ___

Answer 67

Extinction

Question 68

The procedure of extinction is a ___ __ _____

Answer 68

Contingency of reinforcement

Question 69

A zero probability of reinforcement for the operant response is defined as

Answer 69

The contingency

Question 70

The baseline rate of response or the rate of response before any known conditioning

Answer 70

Operant level

Question 71

A schedule of reinforcement that produces a reinforcer for every individual response

Answer 71

Continuous reinforcement (CRF)

Question 72

The response ratio or the time requirement can change from on reinforced response to another

Answer 72

Variable schedules.

Question 73

The time between any 2 responses

Answer 73

Inter Response time

Question 74

Time between reinforcement

Answer 74

Interreinforcement interval

Question 75

A reinforcer is available for a set time after a variable interval

Answer 75

Limited hold contingency

Question 76

Producing longer and longer pauses after reinforcement

Answer 76

Ratio strain

Question 77

A comprehensive approach to the study or organisms, focuses on environment-behavior relationships

Answer 77

Behavioral analysis

Question 78

Synonym of learning

Answer 78

Conditioning

Question 79

Philosophy of the science of behavior

Answer 79

Behaviorism

Question 80

Natural science approach to behavior

Answer 80

Experimental analysis of behavior

Question 81

Three categories of behavior analysis

Answer 81

1. Behaviorism 2. Experimental analysis of behavior 3. Applied behavioral analysis

Question 82

Everything happens for a reason

Answer 82

Determinism

Question 83

Information collected by objective observations; all scientific knowledge is based on this

Answer 83

Empiricism

Question 84

Conclusions of science are tentative and can be revised as new data and discoveries come to light

Answer 84

Philosophical doubt

Question 85

When possible, the simplest explanation of behavior should be provided, all else being equal

Answer 85

Law of parsimony

Question 86

To see if an event affects behavior, that event is systematically manipulated and the effects on behavior are noted

Answer 86

Scientific manipulation

Question 87

Assumptions of science (5)

Answer 87

1. Determinism 2. Empiricism 3. Philisophical doubt 4. Law of parsimony 5. Scientific manipulation

Question 88

Refers to the acquisition, maintenance, and charge of an organism's behavior as a result of lifetime events.

Answer 88

Learning

Question 89

An environmental event of energy change that affects an organism through any of its receptors

Answer 89

Stimulus

Question 90

The entire constellation of stimuli that can affect a person and change behavior. This includes both internal psychological events and external stimuli.

Answer 90

Environment

Question 91

Everything an organism does, including private and covert actions

Answer 91

Behavior

Question 92

If a dead man can do it, it probably is not behavior

Answer 92

Dead man's test

Question 93

Attempting to explain a behavior by merely naming it or classifying it.

Answer 93

Nominal fallacy

Question 94

Explaining behavior by appealing to future, inexperienced events

Answer 94

Teleology

Question 95

Explaining behavior by appealing to some entity, the evidence for which lies in the behavior itself

Answer 95

Circular reasoning

Question 96

Calling a behavior or process a thing. Giving physical status to an intangible concept. For example: depression is not a thing. Can it exist independently of you? What is depressed?

Answer 96

Reification

Question 97

Explanations that appeal to mental, observable processes

Answer 97

Mentalistic explanations of behavior

Question 98

The behavior is determined by its forms

Answer 98

Structural approach

Question 99

2 types of behavior

Answer 99

Operant and respondent

Question 100

Reliably occurs when the stimulus is presented

Answer 100

Respondent, elicited

Question 101

3 types of stimulus functions

Answer 101

1. Conditioned stimulus functions 2. Reinforcement 3. Discriminative

Question 102

How can we create stimulus functions

Answer 102

Using either respondent or operant conditioning

Question 103

Simply adding or increasing in stimuli

Answer 103

Positive

Question 104

Removing or decreasing a stimulus

Answer 104

Negative

Question 105

Does the action that is desired occur again when presented with or without the stimulus after being trained with the stimulus? What is this referring to?

Answer 105

Positive reinforcers

Question 106

Measures behavior before the researcher includes environmental changes

Answer 106

A-phase/baseline

Question 107

Making changes to the environment to see how behavior changes

Answer 107

B-phase

Question 108

4 basic trends of behavior change

Answer 108

1. Stable 2. Increasing 3. Decreasing 4. Variable

Question 109

Behavior relations that are based on the genetic endowment of an organism is called ____. Behavior that aids survival or procreation. often unlearned

Answer 109

Phylogenetic behavior

Question 110

Sequences of behavior that are phylogenetic in origin

Answer 110

Fixed action patterns

Question 111

If the US reportedly elicits an UR, the repeated presentation of the US results in a gradual decline in the UR

Answer 111

Habituation

Question 112

Each organism has a unique history or lifetime of conditioning and behavior can change based on learning.

Answer 112

Ontogenetic behavior

Question 113

The transfer of the control of behavior from one stimulus to another

Answer 113

Respondent conditioning

Question 114

Involves the process of repeatedly presenting the CS in the absence of the US

Answer 114

Extinction

Question 115

Increase in CR after respondent extinction has occurred

Answer 115

Spontaneous recovery

Question 116

Occurs when an organism shows a continuous response to one stimulus but not to other similar events. Opposite of generalization

Answer 116

Respondent discrimination

Question 117

Involves the presentation of a CS a few seconds before the US occurs. The most effective way to condition simple autonomic reflexes like salivation

Answer 117

Delayed conditioning

Question 118

Know the difference between negative and positive reinforcement and punishment

Answer 118

Positive reinforcement is when a stimulant follows behavior as a result, the rate of that behavior increases. Negative reinforcement is when a response results in the removal of an event, and this procedure increases the rate of the response.