Midterm Flashcards

Question

simple non-associative learning

Answer 1

there are 2 types: Habituation: relatively persistent waning of a response to a stimulus with repeated stimulation. Sensitization: the enhancement of a response to a stimulus when it is noxious or paired with a noxious stimulus.

Answer 2

relatively persistent waning of a response to a stimulus with repeated stimulation ex: the aplysia starting to freak out less and less when you poke it as you poke it more and more

Answer 3

the enhancement of a response to a stimulus when it is noxious or paired with a noxious stimulus like when you don't notice something at first and then it gradually starts to piss you off--you become sensitive to it

Answer 4

chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction ACh is most active at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 5

when scared, it freaks out and sucks everything in and releases ink

Answer 6

they don't have many neurons so they thought they may be able to figure something out here they scared the aplysia by squirting water at it, and kept doing this until habituation happened (aka when the aplysia started to freak out less and less)

Answer 7

basically aplysia have abdominal ganglion which is sort of like a brain but its really just a collection of nerve the abdominal ganglion is responsible for the fear response

Answer 8

when you scare the aplysia the sensory neuron is activated--> leads to the activation of the motor neuron which causes the aplysia's gill to retract when you keep scaring it the sensory neuron is still stimulated but the motor neuron gets less and less responsive to sensory neuron

Answer 9

``` Gill and siphon movement Control of heart rate and respiration Release of ink Release of reproductive hormones Egg Laying Cells we are concerned with work on glutamate and gabba. ```

Answer 10

parasympathetic innervation of the heart how does the vagus nerve (which is associated with the parasympathetic innervation of the heart) physically slow the heart down?

Answer 11

parasympathetic is when body is at rest the heart generally slows heart beat down innervation means to supply with nerves or to stimulate to action vagus nerve that is associated with the parasympathetic innervaton when stimulated it slows the heart down procedure: he put a heart in a beaker of fluid and stimulated the vagus nerve mechanism for slowing down the heart beat involves a chemical reaction, then the chemical composition of the water will change the water of first beaker is pumped into a second beaker with a different heart if the heartbeat of the second heart slows down as the fluid from the stimulated heart is pumped onto it then it means that the mechanism is chemical and NOT electuric results: the heartbeat slowed down so the mechanism is chemical and NOT ELECTRIC

Answer 12

Sensory consciousness is unitary. Separate sensory mechanisms cannot give rise to a unitary consciousness There must exist some single mechanism in which all senses converge consciousness is unified

Answer 13

The anterior commissure (also known as the precommissure) is a bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections a MAJOR interhemispheric connection

Answer 14

myers and sperry they taught one side of the brain one thing and looked to see if the other side knows the task was to hit a bar with a square while right eye is covered then see what happens when you move the patch to the other eye results: normal cats will know what it learned from one side of the brain with the other side of the brain severed optic chiasm; normal--the information is probably getting to other side of brain through a different route than the optic chiasm severed Corpus collosum and optic chiasm: these cats cannot transfer learned info from one side of brain to the other side of the brain

Answer 15

``` 1. Perceptual Lateralization: Target sensory input to one half of the brain and not the other: Touch Smell Tachistoscope Chiasm 2. Response Control: Lateralization of response Handedness Speech ```

Answer 16

On the one hand; seem to get a divided person. On the other, they seem to exhibit unified behavior. Inconsistent triad (Schechter, forthcoming) A split brain subject has two minds A split brain subject is one person. Each person has one mind.

Answer 17

Auto-immune response Antibodies attack Ach receptors Anticholinesterases reduce (but do not eliminate symptoms).

Answer 18

strong critique of biological determinism (shared behavioral norms, and the social and economic differences between human groups--- primarily races, classes, and sexes,--- arise from inherited inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of biology) critiques morton and broca doesn't think race class and sex are rooted in biology he disputes the idea that biology and genes have anything to do with behavior which is perhaps an over emphasis of his message BUT, One can accept his critique of Morton and Broca, and the primary lessons of his book, without abandoning the ideas that genes are causally implicated in behavior

Answer 19

talks shit on eskimos did study of measuring cranial capacity with seed/shot found that ethiopians have the smallest cranial volume this experiment was done very very poorly so it is not taken to be true this is implicit bias not conscious fraud redoes his experiment with shot (originally with seed) and this is what created the discrepancy in volume

Answer 20

everything has some place in the hierarchy of life | some people are better than others (some races are better than others)

Answer 21

collecitng evidence to support hypothesis not looking for evidence against it

Answer 22

seizing on random findings and presenting as significant

Answer 23

samples from different groups SHOULD be equal or weighted to account for group differences Morton did not do this

Answer 24

choosing one set of data because it fits your preconceived notion better but not realizing youre doing this

Answer 25

occured for broca when you determine a method to be bad purely because it disproves your hypothesis finding stories after the fact to rationalize whatever the results turnout to be

Answer 26

rigorously testing unexpected results but giving expected ones a free pass

Answer 27

10-15 billion neurons in the brain (cerebral cortex) info transfer is by neurons 50 billion glia (support cells--non info transfer)

Answer 28

uses basic dyes to stain negatively charged RNA blue used to highlight structural features

Answer 29

stains myelin deep blue shows axonal pathways

Answer 30

different organiazation of cells in dif parts of brain found this out using staining techniques

Answer 31

processes of cells axons passing thru dendrites of deeper cells

Answer 32

composed mainly of small spherical granulae cells

Answer 33

contains pyramidal cells in rows

Answer 34

densely packed stellate cells main target of sensory input from thalmus main target of all feed forward projections there is no layer 4 in primary motor cortex

Answer 35

large pyramidal neurons | feedback originates in deeper layers and terminate in layers 1 and 6

Answer 36

heterogenous collection of cells | blends w/ white matter

Answer 37

used staining to deifine areas in 1909 categorized functional units sometimes right sometimes nah used laminar arch to map things

Answer 38

over time if cell body is crushed then you can see degeneration useful bc you can kill a cell and see where axons fall apart w staining aka you can see where the cell projects

Answer 39

commandeer axonal transport to deliver dyes to the rest of the neuron it doesn't kill the cell and it doesn't stain the fibers of a passage dyes are only taken up by cell body

Answer 40

more than just structures measure all activity in all cells all at once rather than the connection of things you are looking at the activity level, action potential they did this with calcium imaging what question does this even answer though?

Answer 41

i am my connectome hypothesis is that it is solely this structure that makes and individual unique does knowing everything about every neuron really communicate identity and personhood?

Answer 42

in the body? in the brain? wherever dennett thinks he is? the computer brain? there is no unified dennet

Answer 43

the conditions for the sameness of personhood are not the conditions for the sameness of connectome a person is still a person if they remove a hemisphere

Answer 44

Thought Experiments are Arguments. Arguments are used to test coherence of ideas by bringing ideas into tension with one another. Neurophilosophy is the search for thought experiments in which one or more of the premises describe empirical findings

Answer 45

meant to study false memory in people youre told a bunch of words and then asked if lure word (word that fits in with group but was not presented) was said people frequently falsely remember it being there why do they falsely remember? associative spread=sentation of associated words could spread activation through an associative network to the nonpresented lure word, and thus the false recognition of words could be due to residual activation prototype theory, which claims that the presentation of patterns that match some prototype activates and increases the recognition of the prototype, even when it has never been presented neither option explains this alone

Answer 46

perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound

Answer 47

Reaction time is linearly related to degree of rotation. The best explanation is that we rotate a representation. This also fits our perceptual experience. Reaction times used to constrain lower-level mechanisms.

Answer 48

based on the intuition that we do not know the meaning of a concept unless we have a method of measurement for it. It is commonly considered a theory of meaning which states that “we mean by any concept nothing more than a set of operations; the concept is synonymous with the corresponding set of operations” X has C iff (If test T is applied to X, then result R is achieved).

Answer 49

Spatial memory is not merely stim response learning; it involves the formation of a SPATIAL MAP uses rats in mazes who form spatial maps

Answer 50

Pool for testing forms of spatial memory Hidden maze No problems with smell. ``` Factors: Vision Proprioception Working memory Attention Motor system Place learning Associative learning Reward-based learning (etc.) ``` ``` Learn to swim Learn to swim toward platform Learn to swim away from walls Learn that escape is possible Learn to climb on platform Learn where the platform is in relation to distal cues Learn associations How to navigate the maze ```

Answer 51

We want to measure quantity X Quantity X is not directly observable by unaided human perception so we infer it from another quantity Y, which is directly observable. For this inference, we need a law that expresses X as a function of Y, x = f(y) The form of this function f cannot be discovered or tested empirically, because we can’t measure X directly. Q: How does this come up in the history of thermometry? Q How might one apply this to brain imaging.

Answer 52

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring Does the operational definition actually measure the construct you think it’s measuring and not some other construct? Intelligence vs. Socio-economic status Skull lumps vs. brain lumps.

Answer 53

External validity refers to the degree to which the results of an empirical investigation can be generalized to and across tasks, individuals, settings, and times (like can it be generalized from One task to the next. from the Sample to population. from One species to another. from One time to another)

Answer 54

emerges between 3-4 years old Theory of mind is being able to infer the full range of mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, etc.) that cause action. Having a theory of mind is to be able to reflect on the contents of one’s own and others’ minds. we assume that others want, think, believe and the like, and thereby infer states that are not directly observable, using these states anticipatorily, to predict the behavior of others as well as our own. These inferences, which amount to a theory of mind, are to our knowledge, universal in human adults

Answer 55

``` Hypertrophy of human social cognition Ability to predict others’ behavior Capacity for Trust Capacities for forming alliances Standards of fairness/justice Interest in Gossip ```

Answer 56

give kids a package that looks like smarties candy and they open it to find pencils are inside ask them what they thought was in the box what will your friend think is inside the box this determines whether they have a theory of mind

Answer 57

1. Habituate to stimulus until looking time/ sucking hit baseline 2. Introduce a change 3. See if looking time/sucking changes If yes, evidence of discrimination If no, evidence of no discrimination. Discrimination is not the same as understanding Discrimination is not the same as “having the concept”

Answer 58

set of mental skills that help you get things done. These skills are controlled by an area of the brain called the frontal lobe. Executive function helps you: Manage time. Pay attention.

Answer 59

sally (a doll) has marble and puts it in basket and walks away ann (a doll) takes marble out of basket and puts it in a box ask the kid where sally will look for the marble when she comes back ask kid where the marble is now where was it in the beginning this also determines whether the kid has a theory of mind most 3 year olds can't do this

Answer 60

Sponge/rock E: What’s this? C: A rock. E: Are you sure? Here, try touching it? My gosh, it’s not really a rock, is it? What is it? C: A sponge. E: If your dad saw this sitting here, and he didn’t touch it like you did, what would your dad think this was? (Pass the test if Child says dad will think it’s a rock; child says it’s actually a sponge) ToM task

Answer 61

kid is told to say day when looking at a dark picture and say night when looking at a light daytime picure expected response must be suppressed this measures executive function child needs to THINK about the answer in order to pass-the kid can't just go on autopilot because their instincts must be suppressed

Answer 62

theirs a red bunny and blue boat and kids are first told to sort cards by shape (all colors of bunny go with bunny) then told to do something else--sort cards by color (red bunnies and red boats go with the red bunny category) little kids can do the first task successfully but can't change do a different task to be successful children need to be good at separating features (color and shape)

Answer 63

Infants progress through the following developmental sequence: By 3 months of age, infants expect the box to fall if it loses all contact with the platform. Any contact is sufficient. Between 3 and 6.5 months, two developments take place: 1) Awareness that type of contact matters (eg contact on side vs contact underneath) 2) Awareness that amount of contact matters (hanging over edge of support but still supported vs barely touching support at all)

Answer 64

poverty of stimulus argument | some of languange is innate

Answer 65

There are patterns in all natural languages that cannot be learned by children using positive evidence alone. Positive evidence is the set of grammatical sentences that the language learner has access to, as a result of observing the speech of others. Negative evidence, on the other hand, is the evidence available to the language learner about what is not grammatical. For instance, when a parent corrects a child's speech, the child acquires negative evidence. Children are only ever presented with positive evidence for these particular patterns. For example, they only hear others speaking using sentences that are "right", not those that are "wrong". Children do learn the correct grammars for their native languages. Conclusion: Therefore, human beings must have some form of innate linguistic capacity that provides additional knowledge to language learners. chomsky

Answer 66

knowledge learned in one domain isnt applied in another domain E.g., 7yo changing shape doesn’t shape amount of clay but does change weight. E.g., Seriation: Ordering by size and ordering by weight generalizaiotn is a distinctive form of learning

Answer 67

Determining which information is relevant to which problem. Constrained problems are easy to solve Unconstrained problems are very hard because we don’t even know what evidence is relevant to which beliefs. Blank slates face this problem in spades

Answer 68

innateness: We come with innate ideas or biases: certain conceptual categories over others, certain attentional mechanisms, and not others environment/learning: Broadly applicable learning rules can explain the phenomenon. environment strucutures learning so you can solve the computational explosion

Answer 69

innateness: it is U shaped because some of it is innate, once activated learning is very fast environment: Connectionist networks show U-shaped developmental curves. Local Error Minima (many local minima one global minimum)

Answer 70

“Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind. We have seen that the senses and intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower animals. (“Descent of Man”

Answer 71

In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development AVOID ANTHROPOMORPHISM

Answer 72

notion that a mind may, at least in part, be composed of innate neural structures or modules which have distinct established evolutionarily developed functions. Somewhat different definitions of "module" have been proposed by different authors.

Answer 73

mental events can be grouped into types, and can then be correlated with types of physical events in the brain. For example, one type of mental event, such as "mental pains" will, presumably, turn out to be describing one type of physical event

Answer 74

people's common-sense understanding of the mind (or folk psychology) is false and that certain classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist no coherent neural basis will be found for many everyday psychological concepts such as belief or desire, since they are poorly defined. they argue that psychological concepts of behaviour and experience should be judged by how well they reduce to the biological level Other versions entail the non-existence of conscious mental states such as pain and visual perceptions soul DNE Eliminativism about a class of entities is the view that that class of entities does not exist

Answer 75

mental state held by an agent toward a proposition often assumed to be the fundamental units of thought and their contents, being propositions, are true or false. An agent can have different propositional attitudes toward the same proposition (e.g., “S believes that her ice-cream is cold,” and “S fears that her ice-cream is cold”). Propositional attitudes have directions of fit: some are meant to reflect the world, others to influence it

Answer 76

experiences (pain, or of seeing something, or of having a mental image) just are brain processes, not merely correlated with brain processes they're sorta like physicalists (there are some entities in physics which do not have material properties) but call themselves materialists usually

Midterm Flashcards

(100 cards)