Midterm Flashcards

Question

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 1

Vygotsky's proposed idea that a range of tasks that are too difficult for an individual to master alone can be mastered with the guidance and asisstance of tools or others.

Answer 2

Not specific about specific age changes. Doesn't adequately describe how changes in socioemotional effects capabilities for cognitive development. Over emphasizes the role of language in thinking, and his his emphasis on collaboration and guidance has pitfalls.

Answer 3

he theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. According to the standard information-processing model for mental development, the mind’s machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in, working memory for actively manipulating information, and long term memory for passively holding information so that it can be used in the future.This theory addresses how as children grow, their brains likewise mature, leading to advances in their ability to process and respond to the information they received through their senses. The theory emphasizes a continuous pattern of development.

Answer 4

Cognitive resources (development changes focus on a increase in capacity and speed of processing); mechanisms of change (encoding, automatically, strategy construction); attention and memory (attention and memory are bot selective); executive functioning (complex cognitive processes); decision-making; reasoning; critical thinking; creative thinking; and metacognition (thinking about ones self).

Answer 5

Was asked to identify children who would be unable to learn and thus created a intelligence test in 105 which was thirty questions, which he used to develop his concept of mental age and an individual's level of intelligence relative to others.

Answer 6

Created the concept of an intelligence quotient or IQ, in 1912.

Answer 7

Psychologist who developed the Weschler Intelligence Test, which is the most commonly used examination today.

Answer 8

Children who do not perform well on intelligence tests can be placed in remedial classrooms that do not provide the necsssary learning for them, thus creating an educational hole.

Answer 9

Analytical intelligence (ability to analyze, judge, evaluate); creative intelligence (ability to create, design, invent); and practical intelligence.

Answer 10

Bodily, musical, interpersonal, naturalist, mathematical, etc.

Answer 11

The ability to perceive and express emotions accurately and adaptively, to understand emotion and emotional knowledge, to use feelings to facilitate thought and to manage emotions in ones self and others.

Answer 12

The level of nurturance and appropriate cognitive stimulation have a significant impact on developing intelligence.

Answer 13

The way which individuals conceptualize and reason with their social world.

Answer 14

The heightened self-conciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in their belief that others are interested in them as they are in themselves.

Answer 15

The ability to assume another person's perspective and understand his or her feelings. Affects friend group status and quality of friendships.

Answer 16

The individual's cognitive representation of the self ad the substance of content in our self-conceptions. .

Answer 17

Real versus ideal (true vs. false); social comparison (more likely but won't admit); self-conciousness; self-protection; unconcious self; self-integration.

Answer 18

Cognitive development psychologist who developed the identity versus identity confusion theory.

Answer 19

Developing individuals are confronted with new roles in their lives and must adapt to thm in order to achieve a new identity. It's a legnthy process, gradual as opposed to cataclysmic and a complex process which never begins or ends. Physical, psychological and socioemotional development advance so an individual can sort through and synthesize mods and personality.

Answer 20

Developed the four stages of identity discovery.

Answer 21

Identity diffusion, in which an individual has neither a commitment or crisis; identity foreclosure, where the individual has made a commitment with no crisis; identity moratorium, in which they are in the midst of a crisis but haven't made a commitment; and identity achievement, in which they've undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

Answer 22

A basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with attitudes and feelings related to that memberrship.

Answer 23

Adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with majority culture.

Answer 24

The enduring characteristics of a individual.

Answer 25

Openness; conscientcousness; extraversion; agreeableness and neuroticism. OCEAN

Answer 26

An ndividual's behavioural style and characteristic's way of responding.

Answer 27

A match between an individual's temperment and the environmental demands the individual must cope with.

Answer 28

The ability to regulate one's own emotions and controlling oneself.

Answer 29

F and E believed that an individual's genitals influence their behaviour, in which case anatomy is destiny.

Answer 30

Gender differences mainly result from the contrasting roles of men and women.

Answer 31

The expentancy for girls to be more boedient and responsive with increased different amounts of restrictions.

Answer 32

Showing more attention and engaging in more activities with sons and putting more effort into promoting their development.

Answer 33

Gender development is influenced by observation and imitation of other gender's behaviour, as well as by their environment.

Answer 34

Children's gender-typing occurs after they have developed a concept of gender. Once children think of themselves as male or female they base their world off of that.

Answer 35

Gender-typing changes as individuals gradually develop their schema's of what is gender appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture. Individuals are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing schema.

Answer 36

Broadcatergorization which reflects or impersonates cultural beliefsand conceptions of what males or females should "be".

Answer 37

Women have more body fat; men are generally more taller then women; women have longer life expectancies and are less likely to develop P/M disorders. Stress hormones are more prevalent in males.

Answer 38

Men are more likely to drop out of high school and be on the lower academic level; women are more likely to underplay their academic achievements.

Answer 39

The hypothalamus, evolved in sex regulation, is more developed in males. The connection between the two hemispheres is larger for males. The parietal lobe for visospatial skills is larger in males.

Answer 40

Taught not to show feelings, act tough, though they'd benefit to be more expressive with their feelings.

Answer 41

The view that when an individual's competence is at risk, it should be conceptualized on a person basis rather than on the basis of M/F/A.

Answer 42

PSychological and bejavioral difference sbetwee boys and girls become greater during adolescence. This is due to increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles.

Answer 43

Transitting characteristics from one generation to the next, in which each of us carries a genetic code and the nucleaus of each human cell contains chromosones.

Answer 44

Vygotsky had a strong emphasis on the sociocultural context, as opposed to Piaget. Vygotsky was a social constructivist where as Piaget was a cognitive constructivist.

Answer 45

Vygotsky was a proponent of the zone of proximal development, language, dialogue and tools of the culture. Piaget was focused on schema, assimilation, accomodation, operations, conversation and classification. V had no emphasis or general developmental stages as opposed to Piaget, who had the snesorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational).

Answer 46

Vygotsky saw it as a key shaper of thought and a strong emphasis was placed on it; it took a minimal role in Piaget's theories, with cognition primarily directing speech.

Answer 47

Education plays a central role, helping children learn the tools of the culture. Piaget stated that education merely refines the child's cognitive skills that have already emerged. Vygotsky saw teacher's as a facilitator and a guide, not a director; establish many opportunities for children to learn with the teacher and ore-skilled peers. Piaget also viewed teachers as facilitators and guides, not as a director; providing support for children to explore their world and discover knowledge.

Answer 48

Concentration and focusing of mental resources.

Answer 49

Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignroing others that are irrelevant.

Answer 50

Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

Answer 51

The ability to maintain attention to a seleceted stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Answer 52

Cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing.

Answer 53

Mental age

Answer 54

Begins from age eleven to fifteen and focuses on abstract, idealistic and hypothetical-deductive thinking.

Answer 55

Expert knowledge about the practical aspectsof life that permits excellent judgement about important matters.

Answer 56

Sternberg's proposed view that intelligence comes in three flavours; creative, analytical and practical.

Answer 57

A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood.

Answer 58

An umbrella like concept that involves higher-order, complex cognitive processes that include exercising cognitive control, making decisions, reasoning, thinking critically, thinking creatively and metacognition.

Answer 59

States that decision making is influenced by two systems - one analytical and one experiential system - monitoring and managing actual experiencs - that benefits adolescent decision making.

Midterm Flashcards

(83 cards)