Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) - what type? - includes? - what storage? - what extend through this?

- loose CT and fat - sweat glands, blood, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves - fat storage - L. retinacula cuta extend through this layer. Attach deep surface of dermis to the deep fascia.

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS - Give two and example

- Synchondrosis - primary ; ex: epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) - Symphysis- Secondary: ex: pubic symphysis or IV disc (fibrocartilage)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS - Give example to all 6 of the items

- Hinge Joint- Uniaxial; humeral-ulner joint - Pivot Joint- Uniaxial; Atlanto-axial joint - Saddle Joint- Biaxial: 1st carpal - metacarpal joint - Condyloid Joint- Biaxial; Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint - Plane Joint- Acromio-clavicular joint - Ball and Socket- Gleno-humeral joint

Contractions: Origin/insertion Reflexive? tonic? Phasic? : - --- Isometric - --- Isotonic : has two items listed.

- proximal end (fixed) , distal end (movable) - involuntary , diaphragm - Slight contraction, muscle tone - Isometic- no change in length - Isotonic- Change in length, movement - Concentric : shortening of muscle - - Eccentric: Lengthening of muslce

MIDTERM Flashcards by they duong

Four type of glands?

Sudoriferous- Sweat gland

Sebaceous - Oil

Ceruminous- Wax

Mammary- milk gland

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Epidermis …
is what type of tissue?
And how long it renews?
avasular/vasucular?

Keratin stratified epithelium
renews 25-45 days
avascular

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Dermis…
what type?
It has 3 items….?

collagen and elastic fibers

fair follicles, L.arrector pili and sebaceous glands

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Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

what type?
includes?
what storage?
what extend through this?

loose CT and fat
sweat glands, blood, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves
fat storage
L. retinacula cuta extend through this layer. Attach deep surface of dermis to the deep fascia.

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Deep Fascia

What kind of CT?
Forms what 2?
Extensions from? 3 things

Dense, organized CT

NO fat

Forms retincula

Forms Bursae

Extensions from internal surface: Investing fascia, Intermuscular septa, and subserous fasica.

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Burns- what is important?

Number of body percentage affected

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Fibrous Joints

- List two and give example

Syndesmosis, ex: Suture, Interosseous membrane

- Gomphosis- stablizes a tooth

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** CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

- Give two and example

Synchondrosis - primary ; ex: epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
Symphysis- Secondary: ex: pubic symphysis or IV disc (fibrocartilage)

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** SYNOVIAL JOINTS

- Give example to all 6 of the items

Hinge Joint- Uniaxial; humeral-ulner joint
Pivot Joint- Uniaxial; Atlanto-axial joint
Saddle Joint- Biaxial: 1st carpal - metacarpal joint
Condyloid Joint- Biaxial; Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
Plane Joint- Acromio-clavicular joint
Ball and Socket- Gleno-humeral joint

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Skeletal MUSCULAR Classification:

- List 5 of them and give example for each

Pennate- feather like: flexor pllis longus, rectus femoris, and deltoid
fusiform, spindle shaped: biceps branchii
parallel- Ex: sortarius
convergent- pectoralis major
circular- orbicularis oris

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Contractions:

Origin/insertion

Reflexive?

tonic?

Phasic? :

— Isometric
— Isotonic : has two items listed.

proximal end (fixed) , distal end (movable)
involuntary , diaphragm
Slight contraction, muscle tone
Isometic- no change in length
Isotonic- Change in length, movement
- Concentric : shortening of muscle
- - Eccentric: Lengthening of muslce

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What duck Drains lymph from the body’s upper RIGHT quadrant and it ends in ____ venous angle.

Right lymphatic duct, right venous angle

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** Thoracic Duct drains lymph from _____?

Ends in ?

the rest of the body

- Ends in Left Venous Angle.

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CNS consist?

PNS consist?

Brain and Spinal Cord

- 12 pairs CN and 31 pairs of Spinal nerves

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Dura Matter?
Arachnoid matter?
pia matter?

CSF is located between?

Outermost, thick

middle

innermost layer, thin

Between Pia and Arachnoid

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PNS-

what cells surround axon?

Schwann celss

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Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

Thick, outermost surround a bundle of fasicles, includes fatty tissues, blood vessles, and lymphatics.

CT that encloses fasicle; barrier against foreign substances.

Surrounds neurolemma cells and axons

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____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS. It has motor and sensory

Ganglion

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Under Somatic NErvous System

Give example of somatic sensory:

Touch, pain, temperature and position

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Under Autonomic Nervous System

**— What fibers give blood pressure and chemistry via heart and respirator rates ? It is inforamtion about body’s internal environment, pain

Visceral AFFERENT fibers (sensory)

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Visceral EFFERENT fibers innervate?

smooth muscle/ non-skeletal

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Sympathetic Division

thoracolumber or craniosacral?

catabolic/anabolic?

Thoracolumbar

Catabolic- fight or flight

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AUtonomic nerve conduction

____ neuron has its axon synapse on the cell body of the _____ neuron in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS. Cell bodies of these postsynaptic neurons terminate on the _____ ____.

presynaptic/ preganglionic ; postganglionic neuron ; effector organ.

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What root is Afferent fibers to sensory organs?

What spinal root is EFFERENT fibers from anterior horn to effector organs?

Posterior/dorsal root.

Anterior ventral root.

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*** General Somatic AFFERENTS- is sensation from body to CNS. Give example: dermatone/ myotome?

Exteroceptic- pain, temp, touch, pressure and Proprioceptive- from muscles, tendons, and joints. - dermatome: skin innervated by general sensory afferents

Under Visceral Fibers: Transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands and blood vessels to the CNS

General Visceral AFFerent

Under Visceral Fibers: Transmit impulses to involuntary muscles and glandular tissues

General Visceral EFFerent

Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation: Presynaptic- Cell bodies in the what columns? It is gray matter lateral horns between ____ and ____ , ____

IML (T1 and L2, L3 )

Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation: Under Postsynaptic: Paravertebral ganglia is left and right ____ chains? ____ ganglia surround origins of the main branches of abdominal aorta

Sympathetic chains prevertebral ganglia

Parasympathetic Visceral MOtor Innervation: In brainstem gray matter fibers exit within CN ___, ___, ___, ___ . AKA _____ outflow? Also what nerve involve? In sacral gray matter fibers exit through anterior roots of ____ nerves and ______ _____ nerves. AKA as _____ outflow?

3, 7, 9, 10 = Cranial Parasympathetic outflow; vaugs nerve spinal nerves S2-S4; and pelvic splanchnic nerves= sacral parasympathetic outflow.

CURVATURES: *** Kyphoses- primary/secondary curvature? concave Anteriorioly/posteriorly? what two area?

Primary curvatures Anteriorly THORACIC and SACRAL KYPHOSES

From erosion of anterior part of 1 or more vertebra is what abnormal curvature?

Excess thoracic Kyphosis aka humpback

***Anterior rotation of the pelvis and associated with weakened trunk muscles is what abnormal curvature?

Excess lumbar LORDOSIS aka Hollow back

Abnormal lateral curvature with vertical rotation is what? Also causes by aymmetric, hemivertebra, and limbs difference

Scoliosis aka Crooked/curved back

*** Cervical Vertebra - Which one has no spinous process or body? - Has small ____ foramen? - strongest/weakest vertebra? , which one? - vertebral foramen is smallest/largest? - what vertebral foramen shape?

``` C1 transverse strongest C2 largest vertebral foramen triangular ```

Thoracic Vertebra - what body shape? - what vertebral foramen shape? - smallest/largest vertebral foramen?

heart circular smallest

**** Which vertebra has triangular vertebral foramen, kidney shaped, mamillary process (only one), and short spinous process, hatchet shaped

LUMbar vertebrae

Sacral hiatus from absence of ____ and ____of S4, S5 Sacral ___ inferior articular processes of S5

laminea and spinous process sacral cornua.

Central core of IV disc. Reason for decrease in height in older people, and 88% water at birth

Nucleus Pulposus

No IV disc between C1 and C2. Iv disc thickest in ____ and thinnest in superior ___ ?

lumbar, thoracic.

____ Longitudinal ligament from pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of atlas and occipital bone anterior to formen magum? Also limits ___ of vertebral comumn

Anterior | Extension

____ longitudinal ligament attached to posterior IV discs. Prevents ______ and posterior herniation of IV discs. Many pain nerve endings.

Posterior | Hyperflexion

What ACCESSORY ligaments adjoin laminae of adjacent vertebral arches? Prevent abrupt ____ of vertebral column

Ligamenta flavum, | flexion

Under Accessory Ligaments - weakly adjoin spinous processes? - strongly adjoin spinous process? that merges with nuchal ligament. - Nuchal ligament from _____ and posterior border of foramen magnum to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae. site of muslce attachment. - Connect adjacent transcerse procesess?

- interspinous ligaments - supraspinous ligaments - EOP - intertransverse ligaments

Atlanto- Occipital Joints : - between ____ and _____ - flexion/extension? of the head . - show as what movement? - Movement limited by ____ and ____ atlanto occipital membranes Atlantoaxial Joints: Right and Left lateral atlantoaxialjoints: between ___ and ____. Median atlantoaxial Joints: between ____ and anterior arch and transverse ligament of C1 Rotation of head?

lateral masses of atlas and the occipital condyles Flexion Yes movement. Movement limited by anterior and posterior atlanto occipital membranes ---- lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2 dens No movement. Cranium and C1 rotate on C2.

LIGAMENTS OF ATLANTOAXIAL JOINTS- What ligament is between tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1? What band is from transverse ligament to the occipital bone superiorly and to the body of C2 inferiorly? Both of these form what ligament? ---- - From sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum is what ligaments? - What membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament through the foramen magnum? Covers the alar and transverse ligaments.

transverse ligament longitudinal bands cruciate ligament ---- - Alar ligaments - tectorial membrane

*** Spinal cord begins as a continuation of the ____ ends between ____ and ____ meduallary cone between: T____ and L____ Cervical Enlargements: C___ through T____ Lumbosacral Enlargement: L____ through S____. Cauda equina arises from this enlargement and medullary cone.

medulla oblongata, L1 and L2 T12- L3 C4- T1 L1- S3

Structure of Spinal Nerves: Posterior roots: Afferent fibers from skin, viscera. Cell bodies in ___ Anterior roots: Efferent fibers to skeletal muscle. Cell bodies in ____ horns of ____ matter

spinal ganglia anterior horns of gray matter

Lumbar Spinal Tap: obtain a sample of CSF needle inserted into ____ space. In midline between the spinous processes of ___ and ___ (little danger )

subarachnoid space L3, L4

Three Longitudinal Arteries- superior cord What artery from union of vertebral arteries? (think of Cricle of willis drawing) What arteries branches of vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

- anterior spinal artery | - two posterior spinal arteries

Olfactory CN1: damage? exit?

anosmia, cant smell | cririform foramen

optic cn2; damage? exit?

anopsia, visual deficits, loss of light relfex. | Optic Canal

``` Occulomotor CN3; function? damage? exit? innvervate? ```

adducts lateral strabismus SOF S/I/M rectus , IO, Levator palpebrae superioris

``` Trochlear CN4; function? give 2 damage? Exit? Innervate? ```

adduct, and intorsion diplopia, double vision SOF SO muscle

Trigmenal CN V V1- V2- V3- V2; function? exit? V3; function? innervation

opththalmic maxillary mandibular maxillary- sensation to MIDDLE of face: upper lip, maxillary teeth. Foramen rotundum v3 mandibular= mastication, exit foramen ovale , sensation to lower lip. and TMJ

``` Abducens CN 6; function? damage? exit? innvervate? ```

aBduct eye medial strabismus SOF Lateral rectus

``` Facial Nerve 7; function? damage? 3 Exit? Innervation? ```

taste of anterior 2/3 tongue decrease in saliva/ tear production, and loss of taste 2/3, dropping ipsilateral side of face internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen glands of head except parotid glad.

vestibulocochlear 8, function? damage? 2 exit?

hearing, balance vertigo and nystagmus (dancing eyes) IAM

``` Glossopharyngeal 9 funtion damage 2 exit innervation ```

taste to posterior 1/3 of tounge decrease saliva, trouble articulating JF parotid gland

vagus cn 10 funtion? 4 damage? 3 exit?

taste of epiglottic region, pharynx, muscle of larynx, abdominal viscera trouble with respiratory, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), palate droop JF

Spinal Accessory 11 function? innervate?

neck and shoulder, trap, and SCM

hypoglossal 12 function damage exit innervate

tounge movement deviation of tongue upon protrusion hypoglossal canal innervate all intrinsic tongue except palatoglossus muscle/ Extrinsic- position of tounge

MIDTERM Flashcards

(62 cards)