Midterm

Question 1

Approaches to Audiences

Answer 1

1. Demographic Approach- look at what the audience is compromised of and go from there
2. Publics Approach- approach the audience as something (identify common interest, draw on shared experiences, work from a common premise)

Question 2

Hasty Generalization

Answer 2

Coming to a conclusion too quickly based on a small/unrepresentative sample size

Question 3

Slothful induction

Answer 3

Refusing to come to a reasonable conclusion after a representative sample

Question 4

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 4

from individual examples to a general principle

Question 5

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 5

General principle onto individual examples

Question 6

False Dilemma

Answer 6

Statement that poses an either/or choice when alternatives may exist

Question 7

Loaded Question

Answer 7

Question that either as misleading elements or premises or has elements that must be dissociated from one another in order to answer

Question 8

Argumentum ad hominem

Answer 8

Appeal to the man

Fallacy that a position is wrong because of the person who says it

Question 9

Argumentum ad feminem

Answer 9

Attacks on a person based on gender

applicable to other identity categories

Question 10

Argumentum ad populum

Answer 10

Deciding on the truth or value of a position based on its popularity

Question 11

Argumentum ad baculum

Answer 11

appeal to force

end an argument because of material or symbolic force

Question 12

Antithesis

Answer 12

Juxtaposing two ideas for effect

Question 13

Chiasmus

Answer 13

4 different elements

Question 14

Anadiplosis

Answer 14

Repeats the last word of a phrase at the beginning of the next
Shows continuity

Question 15

Litotes

Answer 15

Deliberate understatement

Question 16

Anaphora

Answer 16

Repetition of a phrase at the beginning of a clause

Question 17

Types of Informative Speeches

Answer 17

Descriptive- describe in detail, tell people
Demonstration- how-to
Explanatory- centered around a question, explain it
Oral Report- presentation

Question 18

Book Citation

Answer 18

Authors and title

Question 19

Journal Article Citation

Answer 19

Title, author, date

Question 20

Periodicals/magazines/popular press citation

Answer 20

Title, date

Question 21

Website Citation

Answer 21

Title or Organization and the Heading or date

Question 22

Interview Citation

Answer 22

Name of interviewee and their title and relationship to your topic

Question 23

Organizational Style for Speeches

Answer 23

Chronological
Spatial (geographical/physical space)
Narrative
Problem-solution
Cause-effect
Topical (ex. 3 components of...)

Question 24

Speech Ethics

Answer 24

• Tell the truth
• Take responsibility for what you say
• Give credit where credit is due

Question 25

Active Listening

Answer 25

- Take notes as you listen - Evaluate the quality of the speaker's ideas and supporting material - be aware of the potential influence of the speaker's ethos - Nonverbal communication

Question 26

Communication Apprehension

Answer 26

Feelings of anxiety a speaker may experience

Question 27

Factors that contribute to communication apprehension

Answer 27

- poor preparation - Trait anxiety= internal anxiety that an individual brings to the situation - State anxiety= anxiety caused by worrisome factors in a specific situation - Self-expectations - Fear of Evaluation - Fearing that listeners perceive apprehension - fear of failure

Question 28

Managing Speech Anxiety

Answer 28

- practice a lot - deep breaths- use of pauses - Speak with conviction- do it for things you care about - Adopt a positive attitude - Be mindful - practice active listening - anticipate the speech situation

Question 29

Descriptive Speech

Answer 29

Informative speech intended to provide a clear picture of a place, person, event, or thing

Question 30

Demonstration

Answer 30

Teach an audience how something works or how to do something

Question 31

Explanation

Answer 31

Help an audience understand a complex/unfamiliar subject

Question 32

Oral Report

Answer 32

Often technical in nature, intended to assist a group's performance or decision making