Midterm

Question 1

What is meant by the statement “the mind is a product of the brain’s activity”?

Answer 1

• everything we perceive is just electrical messages that we interpret

Question 2

Luigi Galvani

Answer 2

• hypothesized that nerves and muscles worked by generating animal electricity

Question 3

Ramon Y Cajal

Answer 3

• brain was composed of individual nerve cells that were linked together by their long and torturous extensions

Question 4

Dale and Loewi

Answer 4

• led to the application of plant extracts and synthetic chemicals directly to the muscles to compare their effects with the effects actually produced by the nerve

Question 5

Scientific Mrthod

Answer 5

• most important part is the measurement and testing
• empiricism is what you’re trying to achieve
  1. Observation
  2. Interpretation
  3. Verification

Question 6

Overarching Principles of the Brain

Answer 6

• hierarchically organized: top of the brain controls what’s below it
• redundant control: things are controlled in more than one structure
• inhibition: can control what you want but know shouldn’t do
• automaticity: automatic process that’s fast, effortless, without intention

Question 7

Central Nervous System divisions

Answer 7

• brain and spinal cord, everything soft covered by a hard coating

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System divisions

Answer 8

• Automatic
  
  • sympathetic: emergency response
  • parasympathetic: restores, builds up, recover from exhaustion
• Somatic: all sensory & motor neurons, voluntary movements,
  
  • sensory neurons
  • motor neurons

Question 9

Somatosensory

Answer 9

• relayed through our skin (temp, pressure, pain)

Question 10

Propriooception

Answer 10

• let’s us know where our hands are even if we can’t see them, automatic knowledge of where our body is

Question 11

Forebrain

Answer 11

• cerebral cortex: outermost portion
  
  • cortical lobes:
    Frontal- speech, motor responses (goal)
    Temporal- hearing, interp. of language
    Parietal- awareness of body sensations
    Occipital- vision
  • basal ganglia & limbic system: amygdala, hippocampus. Emotional impulsivity.
• diencephalon
  
  • thalamus: relay station for all information
  • hypothalamus: relay station for internal regulatory systems, needed to survive (feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking= 4 F’s)

Question 12

Sulci & Gyri

Answer 12

• sulci: valleys of cortex

- gyri: mountains

Question 13

Central Sulcus

Answer 13

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 14

Lateral Sulcus

Answer 14

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Question 15

Basal Ganglia

Answer 15

• includes the neostriatum and substantial nigra (this is actually in the midbrain but functionally included here)
• highly ingrained behaviors

Question 16

Midbrain

Answer 16

1. Superior and inferior colliculi
   
   • superior: visual information (“auto pilot”)
   • inferior: auditory information
2. Substantia nigra: initiation and switching of behaviors

Question 17

Hindbrain

Answer 17

1. Cerebellum
   - extremely dense. Motor coordination, automatic learned behavior such as tying your shoes. Controls direction, amplitude & timing of your behavior
2. Medulla oblongata
   - transition from brain to spinal cord. Regulation of vital functions (heart rate, blood pressure)

Question 18

Oligiodendrocytes

Answer 18

• ending wraps around many axons and helps myelinate

Question 19

Schwann

Answer 19

• only myelinates a specific region

Question 20

Hyper vs de- polarization

Answer 20

• hyperpolarization: moving resting membrane potential away from zero
• depolarization: moves closer to zero
  
  • threshold: minimal depolarization that will trigger an action potential. This is a dynamic response

Question 21

Passive vs dynamic responses

Answer 21

• passive: proportionate to the stimulus event

- dynamic: not proportionate

Question 22

Transduction

Answer 22

Changing the form of energy from an electrical energy to chemical

Question 23

Synaptic vesicles

Answer 23

• store the neurotransmitter molecules that the neuron secretes. Thought to contain thousands of the transmitter molecules

Question 24

Microtubules

Answer 24

• help maintain the cell’s structure

Question 25

IPSP

Answer 25

- inhibitory post synaptic potentials - hyperpolarization, decrease probability of action potential - passive responses

Question 26

EPSP

Answer 26

- excitatory post synaptic potentials | - depolarization, increase probability of action potential

Question 27

Axon Hillock

Answer 27

- where the neuron connects to the cell body | - action potentials may be triggered here

Question 28

Voltage gated vs chemically gated ion channels

Answer 28

- voltage: only found in the axon | - chemically: only found in the cell body and dendrites

Question 29

Iontropic

Answer 29

- both receptor and ion channel, chemically gated | - nAChr, nicotinic, produces EPSP

Question 30

Metabotropic

Answer 30

- no channel built in - mACHr, muscarinic, produces IPSP - found at the autonomic ganglia, important for automatic things

Question 31

Enzymatic degradation

Answer 31

- enzyme in the synapse that breaks up the neurotransmitter | - ACHE breaks up ACH, wants to stop the interaction with ACH and the receptor

Question 32

Direct vs. Indirect

Answer 32

- direct: works at post synaptic receptor | - indirect: works anywhere else

Question 33

Angonism vs. Antagonism

Answer 33

- angonism: facilitates and enhances whatever normally occurs at post-synaptic receptors - antagonism: blocks and inhibits normal effects at the synapse

Question 34

Competitive vs. Non-Competitive

Answer 34

- competitive: power to pump whatever is on the receptor off and takes over - morphine and naloxme both work at the post synaptic receptor site and will bind to it. - naloxme will knock the morphine off, used to treat opiate overdose