Midterm

Question 1

The three criteria for evaluating an argument are

Answer 1

Acceptability
Relevance
Sufficiency

Question 2

Which best describes critical thinking?

Answer 2

The careful application of reason in the determination of whether a claim is true

Question 3

What is a premise?

Answer 3

The claim offered as a reason for believing another claim

Question 4

What is an opinion?

Answer 4

A view or judgement formed about something not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

Question 5

What is a belief?

Answer 5

The acceptance of a truth value concerning a statement/claim-namely, whether it is or is not the case

Question 6

What is a statement, claim, or assertion?

Answer 6

The things we say aloud or in writing to covey information the t

Question 7

The premise to an argument is acceptable on the basis of testimony if:

Answer 7

You learn the premise from a trustworthy person who is in a position to know whether the premise is true

Question 8

A premise to an argument is relevant to that arguments conclusion if

Answer 8

The truth of the premise counts in favor of the arguments conclusion

Question 9

The premise of an argument are sufficient if:

Answer 9

The premises taken together give a strong enough reason to accept the conclusion

Question 10

An argument in which the conclusion can not be false, if the premises are true

Answer 10

A deductive argument

Question 11

An argument in which the conclusion is held to be improbable, if the premises are true

Answer 11

An inductive argument

Question 12

A defect in an argument that consists in something other than merely false premises

Answer 12

A fallacy

Question 13

What is a philosophical argument?

Answer 13

Offering a set of reasons or evidence in support of a conclusion

Question 14

Aristotle’s belied THAt “a statement cannot be at the same time and in the same regard both true and false” is called

Answer 14

The law of non contradiction

Question 15

An argument is cogent if

Answer 15

The acceptable relevant premises are sufficient to support the conclusion

Question 16

An argument is valid if

Answer 16

It is impossible for the premises to be true while the conclusion is false

Question 17

W.k. Clifffords assertion that “it is wrong always everywhere and for anyone to believe anything on in insufficient evidence,” is associated with what idea?

Answer 17

Epistemic responsibility

Question 18

What does Patrick stones maintain is wrong with saying “I’m entitled to my opinion”

Answer 18

It creates a false equivalence between experts and non experts

Question 19

Why did Clifford maintain that “there is no such thing as private belief”

Answer 19

Because beliefs determine actions

Question 20

The branch of philosophy concerned with the formal rules governing reason and argumentation

Answer 20

Logic

Question 21

What is the main difference between an argument and explanation?

Answer 21

Explanations merely seek to inform whereas arguments seek to persuade

Question 22

WhT is the basis for determining the relative weakness of strength of an argument?

Answer 22

The amount of support the premises provide for the conclusion

Question 23

Judgments concerning the matter of taste or ethical determinations are frequently said to be what

Answer 23

Value judgments

Question 24

An argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the last to s claim about the future

Answer 24

A prediction

Question 25

An argument which depends upon the existence of some similarity between two things or states of affaire

Answer 25

An argument of analogy

Question 26

An argument which proceeds from the knowledge of a cause to a claim about its supposed effects

Answer 26

A casual inference

Question 27

Word which carry strong emotive value or associative power

Answer 27

Dysphemisms

Question 28

The discipline or practice frequently referred to as the art of persuasion

Answer 28

Rhetoric

Question 29

Common tendencies which can negatively effect an arguments clarity

Answer 29

Vagueness, ambiguity, generality, and failure to properly define terms

Question 30

The fallacy of sljding from one meaning of a term to another in the middle of an argument. Using an ambiguous term in more that one sense, thus making an argument misleading

Answer 30

Equivocation

Question 31

A person who stands to gain something from our belief in a claim is know as

Answer 31

Interested party

Question 32

A person who stands to gain nothing from our belief in a claim is known as

Answer 32

A disinterested party

Question 33

Tools of persuasion used to influence an audiences or individuals perception of certain information

Answer 33

Rhetorical devices

Question 34

When a mild or indirect word or expression is substituted for a term considered too direct, blunt, harsh, unpleasant, embarrassing etc, the speaker is using

Answer 34

Euphemism

Question 35

Reduction of a group of people to some essentializing category usually negative

Answer 35

Stereotype

Question 36

A subtle way of getting a point across without explicitly saying the thing you wish to convey

Answer 36

Innuendo

Question 37

An attempt to make something less important than it is

Answer 37

Downplaying

Question 38

The attempt to delegitimize or downplay an individual or argument through mockery

Answer 38

Ridicule

Question 39

The exaggeration of something for dramatic or rhetorical effect on

Answer 39

Hyperbole

Question 40

When a new or old term is designated to mean something distinct within a specific context it is said to have

Answer 40

A stimulative definition

Question 41

When the emotions of anger hatred or rage are substituted for evidence in an argument with

Answer 41

Appeal to anger

Question 42

When a threat is issued by an argued towards their audience either explicitly or implicitly if they fail to agree with The argues conclusion

Answer 42

Argumentum ad baclum | Appeal to force

Question 43

When substituting pride of membership in a group got reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue

Answer 43

The groupthink fallacy

Question 44

When the argues attacks the person rather than that person argument

Answer 44

Argument against the person

Question 45

A form of ad hominem fallacy that occurs when is us asshned that an argument is wrong if the source making the claim has itself spoken or acted in a way inconsistent of.

Answer 45

Tu quoque | You also

Question 46

The fallacy that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it

Answer 46

Appeal to popularity

Question 47

The fallacy of distorting weakening or oversimplifying someone’s position so that is can be more easily attacked or refuted

Answer 47

The straw man fallacy

Question 48

The fallacy of arguing a claim must be true bc it has not been proven false

Answer 48

Appeal to ignorance

Question 49

The fallacy of deliberately raising an irrelevant issue during an argument as a diversion or distraction from the main topic

Answer 49

Red herring fallacy

Question 50

The error of thinking that devious events can affect the probabilities in the random event under consideration

Answer 50

The gamblers fallacy

Question 51

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about a target group based upon inadequate sample size

Answer 51

Hasty generalization

Question 52

The fallacy that the soundness of an argument stands or falls on the identity of the arguer

Answer 52

Appeal to identity

Question 53

The fallacy of pre-providing information which will create a bias against the speaker before they have a chance to offer their argument

Answer 53

Positioning the well

Question 54

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true because it is part of tradition

Answer 54

Appeal to common practice | Argumentum ad antiquitatem

Question 55

The fallacy of citing a source whose credibility is in question

Answer 55

Argumentum as verecundian | Appeal to unqualified authority

Question 56

The fallacy of claiming that a moderate or sensible action will inevitably lead to an extreme action, therefore the moderate action should not be taken

Answer 56

The fallacy of slippery slope

Question 57

The fallacy of presenting an argument which relies upon a questionable or insufficiently similar comparison between two things or situations

Answer 57

The fallacy of weak analogy

Question 58

A fallacy involving circular reasoning wherein the conclusion to the argument is assumed or stated in one or more of the premises

Answer 58

Petitio principii | Begging the question

Question 59

The fallacy of presenting two scenarios-one desirable and one undesirable-as if they are the only alternatives available

Answer 59

False dichotomy | False dilemma

Question 60

The term describes the weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement

Answer 60

Burden of proof

Question 61

A form of reasoning which moves from a premise or premises about a state of affairs to an inference to the best explanation for that state of affairs

Answer 61

Abduction

Question 62

The whole collection of individuals under a study

Answer 62

Target group

Question 63

The observed member of a target group in an observational study

Answer 63

A sample

Question 64

A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative

Answer 64

Random sample

Question 65

A sample that resembles the target group in all relevant ways

Answer 65

Representative sample

Question 66

A condition for the occurrence of an event without which the event cannot occur

Answer 66

Necessary conditions

Question 67

A condition for the occurrence of an event that guarantees that the event occurs

Answer 67

Sufficient condition

Question 68

The fallacy that states “since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X”

Answer 68

Post hoc ego prompter hoc | Post hoc fallacy

Question 69

The fallacy wherein somebody applies standards, principles and or rules to others, while making onseself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria, without providing adequate justification. “Double standard” or “moving the goalpost”

Answer 69

Special pleading

Question 70

The tendency for individuals to seek out or favor information that supports their established beliefs or opionions, while correspondingly disregarding or avoiding Info that does not support their belief structure

Answer 70

Confirmation bias

Question 71

The fallacy that states if I cannot imagine how it could be true, it must therefore be false

Answer 71

Argument from incredulity

Question 72

When somebody maintains a hasty generalization by simply excluding a counterexample from that generalization

Answer 72

No true Scotsman fallacy

Question 73

The fallacy of dismissing an argument or complaint due to existence of more information problems In the world, regardless of whether those problems bear relevance to the intial argument

Answer 73

The fallacy of relative privation

Question 74

A form of argument which attempts either to disprove by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous, absurd or impractical conclusion or to prove one by showing that if it were not true the result would be absurd or impossible

Answer 74

Reductio as absurdum | Reduction to absurdity