Midterm Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Eyes
A
Occipital
2
Q
Perception
A
Peripheral
3
Q
Speech
A
Memory
4
Q
He is credited for the traditional classification of the five sense organs
A
Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC)
5
Q
Five sense organs
A
Sight Smell Taste Touch Heating
6
Q
As far back of the 1760s the famous philosopher proposed that our knowledge of the outside world depends on our modes of perception
A
Immanuel Kant
7
Q
In order to define what is “extrasensory” we need to define what is
A
“Sensory”
8
Q
They consist of organs with specialized cellular structures that have receptors for specific stimuli
A
Each of the five senses
9
Q
These cells have links to the nervous system and thus to the brain
A
Five senses
10
Q
It is done at primitive levels in the cells and integrated into sensations in the nervous system
A
Sensing
11
Q
Probably the most developed sense in humans, followed closely by hearing
A
Sight
12
Q
Organ of vision
A
Eye
13
Q
It has a complex structure
A
Eye
14
Q
Focused light on the retina
A
Transparent lens
15
Q
The retina hovered with two basic types of light-sensitive cells
A
Rods
Cones
16
Q
Sensitive to color and are located in the part of the retina called __
A
Cone cells
Fovea
17
Q
Where the light is focused by the lens
A
Fovea
18
Q
Are not sensitive to color but have greater sensitivity to light
A
Rod cells
19
Q
It is connected to the brain through the optic nerve
A
Eye
20
Q
These cells are located around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision and night vision
A
Rod cells
21
Q
The point of this connection because it is insensitive to light
A
Blind spot
22
Q
Experiments have shown that it maps the visual input from the eyes
A
Back of the brain
23
Q
It combine the input of our two eyes into a single three-dimensional image
A
Brain
24
Q
In addition even though the image on the retina is upside down because of the focusing action of the lens, it compensate and provided the right-side up perception
A
Brain
25
Experiments have been done with the subjects fitted with __ that invert the images
Prisms
26
The subjects go through an initial period of great confusion, but subsequently they perceive the images as right side up
Prisms
| Brain
27
The range of perception is phenomenal
Eye
28
A substance produced by the __ increases the sensitivity of the eye so that it is possible to detect very dim light
In the dark
| Rod cells
29
The iris contacts reducing the size of the aperture that admits light into the eye and a protective obscure substance reduces the exposure of light sensitive cells
In strong light
30
The eye is sensitive varies from the red to violet
Spectrum of light
31
They are sensed as heat but cannot be seen
Lower electromagnetic frequencies in the infrared
32
Begin cannot be seen either but can be sensed as tingling of the skin or eyes depending on the frequency
Higher frequencies in the ultraviolet
33
Not sensitive to the polarization of light, light that oscillates on a specific plane
Human eye
34
The are sensitive to polarized light and have a visual range that extends into the ultraviolet
Bees
35
The sense of vision
Eyes
36
The have special infrared sensors that enable them to hunt in absolute darkness using only the best emitted by their prey
Some snakes
37
They have higher density of light sending cells than humans to in their retinas and therefore higher visual activity
Birds
38
Common abnormality in human vision that makes it impossible to differentiate colors accurately
Color blindness or Daltonism
39
One type of color blindness results in
Inability to disguise red from green
40
This can be a real handicap for certain types of occupations
Color blindness or Daltonism
41
A person with normal color vision would appear to have extrasensrory perception
Colorblind person
42
Perception that is beyond the range of the normal
Extrasensory perception
43
The sense of audition
Ear
44
Organ of hearing
Ear
45
Protruded away from the head
Outer ear
46
Shaped like a cup to direct sounds toward the tympanic membrane
Outer ear
47
Transmits vibrations to the inner ear through a series of small bones in the middle ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
48
Spiral shaped chamber cover d internally by nerve fibers that react to the vibrations and transmit impulses to the brain via auditory nerve
Inner ear or Cochlea
49
Combines the input of our two ears to determine the direction and distance of sound
Brain
50
Has a vestibular system formed by three semicircular canals that are approximately at right angles to each other
Inner ear
51
Inner ear has chambers full with
```
Viscous fluid
Small particles (otoliths) containing calcium carbonate
```
52
The movement of these particles over small hair cells in the inner ear sends signals to the brain that are interpreted as
Motion
| Acceleration
53
The human ear can perceive frequencies from __ which is a very deep bass to _ which is a very high pitch
16 cycles per second
| 28,000 cycles per second
54
They can detect frequencies higher than 100,000 cycles per second
Bats and Dolphins
55
It can detect pitch changes as small as 3 hundredths of one percent of the original frequency in some frequency ranges
Human ear
56
Ability to map a tone precisely on the musical scale without reference to an external standard
"Perfect pitch"
57
Perfect pitch population
Estimated less than one in ten thousand people
58
The show remarkably precise absolute ouch in reading out lists of words
Vietnamese and Mandarin
59
Essential feature in conveying the meaning of words in tone languages
Pitch
60
Teaches perfect pitch to children starting before they are 4 years old
Eguchi method
61
The ability to recognize notes does not improve much
Age 7
62
The sense of gustation
Tongue
63
Receptors of taste
Taste buds
64
Situated chiefly in the tongue but they are located in the roof of the mouth near the pharynx
Tate buds
65
Taste buds are able to detect four basic tastes
Salty
Sweet
Butter
Sour
66
The tongue can also detect s sensation from taste receptors sensitive to amino acids
Umami
67
Taste buds close to the tip of the tongue
Sweet tastes
68
Back of the tongue
Bitter tastes
69
Taste buds on top and on the sides of the tongue
Salty and sour taste
70
Nerve that sends the sensations to the brain
Base of the each taste bud
71
Functions in coordination with the sense of smell
Sense of taste
72
It varies substantially from individual to individual but greater number increase sensitivity
Number of taste buds
73
They have a greater number of taste buds than
Women
74
Some people are insensitive to some taste
Case of color blindness
75
The sense of olfaction
Nose/smell
76
Organ responsible for the sense of smell
Nose
77
Lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve
Cavity of nose
78
Consists of values of various substances
Smell
79
Interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the brain
Smell receptors
80
It has a structure whose function has not been determined but which is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones
Vomeronasal organ
81
Influence the reproductive cycle
Pheromones
82
The smell receptors are sensitive in seven types of sensations
```
Camphor
Must
Flower
Mint
Ether
Acrid
Putrid
```
83
The sense of smell is sometimes temporarily lost
Person has a cold
84
They have a sense of smell that many times more sensitive than man's
Dogs
85
The sense of touch
Akin
86
It is distributed throughout the body
Sense of touch
87
Transmit sensations to the brain
Nerve endings in the skin and other parts of the body
88
Four kinds of touch sensations
Cold
Hear
Contact
Pain
89
Magnify the sensitivity and act as an early warning system for the body
Hairs on the skin
90
They gave the greatest concentration of nerve endings
Fingertips
| Sexual organs
91
The sexual organs that when stimulates starts a series of endocrine reactions and motor responses resulting in __
Erogenous zones
| Orgasm
92
Human also have a awareness of balance
Equilibrioception
93
Pressure, Temperature
Thermoception
94
Pain
Noiception
95
Motion all of which may involve the coordinate use of multiple
Sensory organ
96
The sense of balance is maintained by a complex interaction
Visual inputs
Proprioceptive sensors
Inner ear vestibular system
Central Nervous system
97
Disturbances occurring in any part of the balance system or even within the brain's integration of inputs
Dizziness or unsteadiness
98
Precise awareness of muscle and joint movement
Kinesthesia
99
Allows to coordinate our muscles when we walk, talk and use our hands
Kinesthesia
100
Enables us to touch the tip of our nose with our eyes closed or to know which part of the body we should scratch when we itch
Kinesthesia
101
Latin word of joined perception
Synesthesia
102
A phenomenon in which one type of stimulation evoked the sensation of another
Synesthesia
103
Hearing of a sound may result in the sensation of the visualization of a color, shape may be sensed as smell
Synesthesia
104
It is hereditary
Synesthesia
105
Synesthesia population
Occurs in 1 out of 1000 individuals with variations of type and intensity
106
The most common form of synesthesia
Link numbers or letters with colors
107
They are often used interchangeably
Sensation and perception
108
Passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the body and into the brain
Sensation
109
Process of sensation
Passive in a sense we do not have to be consciously engaging in a "sensing" process
110
Active process of selecting, org anong and interpreting the information brought to the brain by sense organs
Perception
111
It absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment
Sensory organs
112
It convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain
Sensory receptor said
113
The brain organized the information and translates into something meaningful
Perception
114
Important Interpretation
Selective Attention
| Perceptual Expetancy
115
Process of discriminating between what is important and irrelevant
Selective attention
116
Seems redundant and is influenced by motivation
Selective-attention
117
Students in class should touchdown on what the teachers are saying and the overhead being presented
Selective attention
118
Students walking by the classroom mag focus on people in the room who is the teacher, etc. and not the same thing the students in the class
Selective attention
119
How we perceive the world is a function of our past experiences, culture and biological makeup
Perceptual expectancy
120
For example as an American when I look at a highway, I expect so dr car trucks etc. not airplanes
Perceptual expectancy
121
But someone from a different country with different experiences and history many not have any idea what to expect and thus be surprised when they see cars go driving by
Perceptual expectancy
122
Another example you may look at a painting and not really understand the message the artist is trying to convey. But if someone tells you about it, you might begin to see things in the painting that you were unable to see before
Perceptual expectancy
123
Study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience
Psych physics
124
Measure these events
Threshold
125
A dividing line between what has detectable energy and what does not
Threshold
126
The minimum amount of stimulus intensity change needs to produce a noticeable change
Difference Threshold
127
Detection of stimulus involves some decision making process as well as sensory process
Signal detection theory
128
For example, many classrooms have automic light sensors, when people have not been in a room for a while, the lights go out. However, once someone walks into the room, lights go back on
Threshold
129
So dust floating in the room should not make the lights go on but a person walking in should
Threshold
130
The greater the intensity (weight) of a stimulus, the greater the change needed to produce a noticeable change
Difference Threshold
131
For example, when you pick up 100 lbs and then 105 lbs it is as much more difficult to feel the difference
Difference threshold
132
Additionally, both sensory and decision making process are influenced by many more factors than just intensity
Signal detection theory
