Midterm Flashcards
(30 cards)
Put this argument into standard form: No salmon are birds because all salmon are fish and no fish are birds.
a) 1. No salmon are birds. 2. All salmon are fish. 3. No fish are birds
b) 1. All salmon are fish. 2. No fish are birds. 3. No salmon are birds
c) 1. No fish are birds. 2. All salmon are fish. 3. No salmon are birds.
d) 1. No fish are birds. 2. No salmon are birds. 3. All salmon are fish.
Correct answer is C, 1. No fish are birds. 2. All salmon are fish. 3. No salmon are birds.
What is the mood and figure: No salmon are birds because all salmon are fish and no fish are birds.
A) EAE-1
B)AEE-4
C) EEA-2
D) EAE-4
A is the correct answer
EAE-1
Is this argument valid? No salmon are birds because all salmon are fish and no fish are birds.
A) invalid because undistributed middle.
B) Invalid because undistributed major.
C) Invalid because undistributed minor
D) Valid
D is the correct answer, it is valid.
What kind of categorial is: "All that glitter is not gold" A) Universal Affirmative (A) B) Particular Affirmative (I) C) Universal Negative (E) D) Particular Negative (O)
D is the correct answer, Particular Negative (O).
What is a fallacy?
An argument that temps one to accept the conclusion as true, but does not really give a reason for doing so, or does not really give an adequate reason for doing so.
Two rules of categorical proposition are…
- The subject of every Universal proposition is distributed, but the subject of a particular proposition is never distributed.
- The predicate of every negative proposition is distributed, but the predicate of an affirmative proposition is never distributed.
definition of conversion
the manipulation which simply switches the subject and predicate terms.
What is a partial conversion
A propositions may be legitimately partially converted. Partial conversion involves taking the subaltern first and then converting. Partial conversion is only legitimate for true A propositions.
What is obversion
is a manipulation involving two changes: the quality is changed (either from affirmative to negative or negative to affirmative) and the complement of the predicate class is substituted for the predicate term.
Define categorical syllogism
An argument which has two categorical propositions for premises and one categorical proposition as the conclusion. (Each proposition has two different terms). A categorical syllogism has exactly 3 terms, each occurring in two propositions.
What are the rules of validity?
- The middle term must be distributed at least once.
- If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in its premise.
- If one of the premises is negative, then the conclusion must be negative, and if the conclusion is negative, then one of the premises must be negative.
- There must not be two negative premises.
Define Mixed Hypothetical syllogisms:
A mixed hypothetical syllogism consists of a hypothetical proposition as the first premise and a premise when either affirms or denies the antecedent or the consequent.
What are menus definitions of virtue?
- Virtue is multiple (there is a different definition of virtue for different things such as the virtue of a women, virtue of a man, etc. ).
- The ability to rule over men.
- The desire for beautiful things and the power to acquire them.
- The power to acquire.
What is hypothetical syllogism
Two propositions may be joined into a compound proposition by using worlds “if” and “then”. The resulting compound proposition is known as a hypothetical or condition proposition.
What is piety? 6 definitions
- The pious is to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer.
- What is dear to the gods is pious
- What they (the gods) all love is pious.
- “…“[A]ll that is pious is of necessity just” (The pious is a subgroup of a species of, the just. The genus for piety is justice).
- The “pious is that part of the just that is concerned with the care of the gods..”
- Piety is that part of justice which consists of knowing “how to say and do what is pleasing to the gods at prayer and sacrifice”.
Six rules for defining
- Include the genus and differentia
- It must be neither too broad or too narrow
- It must state essential attributes (rather than trivial ones)
- It must not be circular
- It must not be negative unless absolutely necessary
- It should avoid vagueness, obscurity, and metaphor
What is the divine command theory of ethics?
The view that make things morally correct or wrong because God has commanded it. Advantages are that it makes God the highest moral authority.
Focus: Distinction Applied
Defining something with passive construction the, fails to, get at an independent account of that thing.
Arguments why obeying the law is morally required? (Crito)
- Breaking the law tends to destroy the rule of law
- Breaking the law breaks an agreement with the laws
- You owe gratitude for the laws that provided for your existence and education
- The laws, like parents, outrank you, so you are not entitled to retaliate
- The laws, like parents, are owed honour
- You had the chance to persuade the laws; you must persuade or obey
- You had the chance to leave but did not
What is Euthyphro’s occupation
Priest
Where does the dialogue in Euthyphro take place?
Outside King Archon’s Court
Why is Socrates going to court (Euthyphro)
He has been charged with not believing in the gods and corrupting the youth
Why is Euthyphro going to court
To prosecute his father for murder
Why are we not given the answer to the question: What is piety?
Socrates believes that we much each work out the answer for ourselves. This process is essential for understanding.
