Midterm Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
- From a greek word for physical wound
- an event is traumatic if it is extremely upsetting at least temporarily overwhelms the individual’s internal resources and produces lasting psychological symptoms”
A
Trauma
2
Q
memory of event that comes back as involuntary
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Intrusion Symptoms
3
Q
try not to be exposed to cues
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Avoidance Symptoms
4
Q
Definition of Trauma
A
an event is traumatic if it is extremely upsetting at least temporarily overwhelms the individual’s internal resources and produces lasting psychological symptoms”
5
Q
Definition of trauma based on DSM PTSD criteria
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A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways
- Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s).
- Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others.
- Learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend. In cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental.
- Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g., first responders collecting human remains; police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).
6
Q
” During or right after the traumatic event.
“ How did you respond to the event?
“ Related to history of trauma, problems with stress tolerance and affect regulation, or cognitive predisposition
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Peritraumatic Responses
7
Q
During a traumatic event if you experience
Dissociation
“ Derealization
“ Depersonalization
Can increase chance of developing symptoms
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o Peritraumatic Dissociation
8
Q
” Fear, Horror
“ Ex. You’re at the bar and instead of freezing, you look for the nearest exit, scared but maintained some engagement with brain might not feel as helpless
“ Helplessness
“ Anger
“ Shame, Guilt
Higher distress, more likely to develop symptoms
A
o Peritraumatic Distress
9
Q
Response from others and context the helps reduce effects of trauma
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- Emotional Support
- Non-blaming acceptance
- Social acceptability of the traumatic event
- Social location of person
10
Q
FOUR main criteria for PTSD
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- Intrusion Symptoms
- Avoidance Symptoms
- Alterations in Cognitions and Mood
- Alterations in Arousal and Reactivity
11
Q
- Inability to remember an important aspect of the event(s) (due to dissociative amnesia and not to head injury, alcohol, or drugs).
- Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world.
- Persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the event(s) that lead to blame self or others.
- Persistent negative emotional state (fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame).
- Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities.
- Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
- Persistent inability to experience positive emotions.
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Alterations in Cognition and Mood
12
Q
- Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation).
- Reckless or self-destructive behavior.
- Hypervigilance.
- Exaggerated startle response.
- Problems with concentration.
- Sleep disturbance (e.g., difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless sleep)
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Alteration in arousal and reactivity
13
Q
PTSD specifier
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Dissociative Symptoms
14
Q
Two Dissociative Symptoms for PTSD
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- Depersonalization
2. Derealization
15
Q
Persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from, and as if one were an outside observer of, one’s mental processes or body (e.g., feeling as though one were in a dream; feeling time moving slowly).
Ex. I don’t feel like myself
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Depersonalization
16
Q
Persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality of surroundings (e.g., the world is experienced as unreal, dreamlike, distant, or distorted).
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Derealization
17
Q
Happens all the time even without a trigger
They are not related to a particular event or trigger
Related to repetitive, relational in nature, started in childhood
The person acts like this on a regular basis
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Complex Trauma
18
Q
Three main symptoms associated with complex trauma
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- Emotional Dysregulation
- Loss of self-integrity or self integration
- Compromised relationship with others.
19
Q
Extreme Anxiety, someone honks “OMG WHAT HAPPENED”
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HyPERarousal
20
Q
Numbness, being here but not feeling anything, system is shutting down difficulty experiencing emotions
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HyPOarousal
21
Q
Associated with complex trauma
“Emotions we all have, just more intense and more frequent
Common denominators: self-estrangement, emotional deadness, feeling threatened by one’s own emotions
- these emotions are taking over me
Feeling threatened by one’s emotions - scared to feel, if I start feeling I’m going to fall apart, don’t trust your emotions
-Anger, fear, depression, sadness helplessness
A
Emotional Dysregulation
22
Q
Feeling like my emotions are taking over me associated with emotional dysregulation
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Self-estrangement
23
Q
”- I got so angry and next thing I know I come back to my sense and the house is destroyed
“ “Hole” of who we are
“ Negative view of self, self-loathing. This can also be dissociated
“ Nobody loves me because I’m not good enough that’s why no one came to protect me
“ How come I couldn’t defend myself?
“ So painful we reject that part of ourselves
“ Self-image filled by disparaging messages
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Loss of self-integrity and self regulation
24
Q
An example of . ______ related to complex trauma I got so angry and next thing I know the house is destroyed
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Loss of self integrity
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Dissociation as a self protective mechanism
Loss of self-integrity and self-integration
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Difficulty Trusting
Realistic paranoia
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Part of complex trauma
o Insecure, including disorganized attachment styles that are hard for others to read
- Hard people to read cues connection
- Is this person joking or insulting me?
o Risk for revictimization
- Risky behaviors as ways of coping
- What is known in relationships, which confirms negative view of self and others
- This is the way relationships are and we stay, this is normal
o Controlling others as a way to feel more in control.
o ´Taking care of others at their own expense, to feel valuable, to put the focus on others and not on self.
o Becoming hostile to others.
o Becoming flawless and self-sufficient.
- Negative view of self, dissociate we need to show we are okay, but there is this undercurrent of self-loathing
- "I'm not bad" no matter how much they accomplish it will never be enough
o Withdrawing from interpersonal contact.
Compromised relationship with others
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a disorder where the child Does not seek comfort or respond to comfort
Reactive Attachment disorder
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a disorder where the child Willing to go with any unfamiliar adult and does not check back with caregiver to make sure it is safe
Disinhibited Social Engagement
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Diagnosis in children that must be present before age 5
Reactive Attachment disorder
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Similarities in Reactive attachment disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement
1. can develop into other disorders later on
2. criterion c and d regarding social neglect, repeated changes in caregiver, and growing up in an unusual setting
3. age: child has developmental age of at least 9 months
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Differences in Time for PTSD and ASD
PTSD - disturbance is more than a 1 month, it can be prolonged stays longer and symptoms continue to be there
ASD - 3 days to a month, happens right after the event, symptoms can start fading away
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Difference in symptoms in section B for PTSD and ASD
ASD - 9 from any sub categories
PTSD - you need the 4 intrusions, avoidance, alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity, one from each category
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Brain
Spinal cord
Central Nervous System
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nerves and ganglia
Peripheral Nervous System
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Muscles and Sense
We have more control over this one
Sensory Somatic Nervous System
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Part of the Nervous System that Works by itself
Autonomic Nervous System
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Two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System
1. Sympathetic
| 2. Parasympathetic
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Accelerator. Arousal, activates fight/flight response
Sympathetic Nervous System
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The brakes. Responsible for digestion, wound healing, mating.
Resting, things we can do if we are not in action
Parasympathetic
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Three parts of the triune brain
1. The reptillian Brain
2. The Mammalian Brain
3. Neocortex
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Systems dealing with EMOTIONAL INTENSITY
- Smoke detector (amygdala)
| - Watchtower (medial prefrontal cortex [MPC])
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systems dealing with CONTEXT, MEMORY how we store it
- Time dimension (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPC])
| - Encoding explicit memory (hippocampus)
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" Brain stem (without thalamus)
" All the things a baby can do: eating, sleeping, waking, crying, breathing, peeing, pooping…
" Where the RAS and Locus Coeruleus are (Pons)
" Regulates the energy levels of the body, the endocrine and immune systems
TheReptilian brain
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" Limbic system.
" Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
" Manages the emotions
" Emotional Regulation, Emotional Functioning
" Monitors danger, discriminates between pleasurable and scary (amygdala)
" How do we respond?
" Contributes to memory (hippocampus)
The Mammalian Brain
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o Specially the frontal lobe. Youngest part of our brain.
o Rational thinking, impulse control, abstraction, symbolic ideas, planning, coordination with others, language
o The most complex structure.
o Not as active in times of threat.
o The newest part of the brain
Neocortex
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o When amygdala gets info from thalamus it does a quick check for danger
" Ex. Hear a loud noise, think it could be danger, first response is shock, comes from amygdala comes quickly from little information we have, but then we see outside and someone just dropped something
Low Road
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quickly assesses whether stimuli means danger (smoke detector)
amygdala
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the watchtower further assesses if it is false alarm, takes a second look at what the thalamus sent
Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC),
50
type of road
o The neocortex gets engaged, conscious awareness.
" Not too high peritraumatic stress
o Ex. After you scram and gasp, you realize its fake rat and you calm down and then talk it out
o Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), the watchtower further assesses if it is false alarm, takes a second look at what the thalamus sent
High Road
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What happens to the MPFC when the peritraumtic stress is high?
The MPFC is NOT activated and we CAN NOT take a second look at the info sent from the thalamus. We just continue in fight or flight mode
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" Time dimension of events
" Put a time context to a memory
" You know the memory happened then and it's not happening now
" Beginning and end
" Now and then
```
o Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC):
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Encoding of EXPLICIT memories
Hippocampus
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Memories from birth and even before " Memories we store but we are not conscious about
" Emotions, perceptions, bodily actions, bodily sensations, schemas (mental models of experiences), priming (the nervous system gets ready to respond in a certain way)
Implicit Memory
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Starts at 18-24 when hippocampus starts developing
Conscious memory that we can recall or retrieve, more aware of it, different level of awareness
These memories include a sense of self and a sense of context
Explicit Memory
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_______ helps to integrate implicit memories to build explicit memories of an episode of you in a place and a time.
Hippocampus
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Memories about events, things, etc.
Factual Memory
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memory of ourselves in specific episodes of our lives
Autobiographical Memory
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When the ____ and ____ have been BLOCKED, implicit memories DO NOT become explicit
Hippocampus; Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
60
How does the hippocampus get blocked?
Massive release of stress hormones
Very HIGH peritraumtic stress
61
What happens to the hippocampus when attention is divided or during dissociation?
o Conscious attention helps to engage the hippocampus.
If our minds turn the focus of attention away from the traumatic event (divided attention or dissociation) then the hippocampus CANNOT be engaged, will store implicit memories but cannot make connection
Ex. Rape, remember they pushed me then I noticed a ceiling had a crack (split attention) helps us survive that moment, not being aware of what's going on helps us survive, but the way these memories are stored is implicit, can't be made explicit because the hippocampus is not active.
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Polyvagal Theory and Three Psychological Stages
1. Social Engagement
2. Fight or Flight
3. Freeze or Collapse
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MILD THREAT
"Can happen all the time, even in times of no danger, constantly sending messages, reading body cues
Is this going well or is this turning into a dangerous situation?
Communicate emotional state and respond to other's emotional state through facial and vocal cues
Helps us decide if we are safe
Synchronize with other members of the tribe.
Respond to other people, Coordinate together
Working together, dancing
Being seen and heard by the people important in our lives can make us feel calm and safer
Social Engagement
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HIGHER LEVEL OF FEAR
if no one comes to our aid, and/or we are in immediate danger, the stress response kicks in.
Fight or Flight
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SEVERE, UNESCAPABLE
if we can't get away, Unescapable, doesn't make sense to fight
We feel as little as possible and spend little energy
Reduced metabolism, heart rate plunges, gut empties, low air, brain shuts down
Least present as possible
We are conserving energy to possible fight after the danger is over
Other people and ourselves cease to matter, awareness shuts down, and we might not even register pain.
Ex. Cat and mouse, the mouse gets caught and shuts down, but when the cat lets go he has the energy to run away
Freeze or Collapse
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Specific which connects serval organs and facial muscles to the brain of Polyvagal Theory
Vagus Nerves
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_____ regulates three physiological states, perceived level of safety determines which one is activated Social engagement, fight or flight, or freeze and collapse
Autonomic Nervous System
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The brain changes in a _____ way during _____ years of life
use - dependent, first 3 years
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Exposure to ____ and ___ leads to RESILIENCE
Consistent and Moderate Stress
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Brain organizes based on _____
Experience
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Children develop on 2 continumm
1. Arousal
| 2. Dissociative
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Blind Agression
adrenaline
ADHD, PTSD, CONDUCT DISORDER,
More common in Males
Higher than Normal heart rate
Arousal Continuums
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little by little shutting down
Person doesn't have a sense of will
Dissociation is more common in babies and infants
Dopamine, Endorphins
Dissociative D/0
Depression
More common in females
Lower than normal heart rate
Dissociative Continuums
74
main premise of attachment theory
" Goal: increasing or maintaining proximity to attachment figures to feel safe and/or comforted
" Ex. Kid playing on the playground peeking over his shoulder to make sure mom is watching. Once mom is gossiping with her friend, kid will walk over to make sure mom is still paying attention to him.
75
Reasons for attachment activcation
1. Distance from caregiver
2. External Cues for danger
Ex. A dog is coming, I need to run to my mom from
protection
3. Internal cues of discomfort (e.g., getting sick, hunger)
Feeling hungry or pain, get moms attention to help
Can you attend to me?
If not activated, child would explore and engage with others. Secure dependence complements autonomy
76
Effective response from caregiver helps with ____
Emotional Regualtion
77
Two functions of a mother during attachment
1. secure base
| 2. safe haven
78
Cognitive component of attachment is associated with
Internal Working Model
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Internal working model is based on _____, creates a future template
Experiences
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_______ for exploration
o Ex. Nephew 13 months, but I was a new figure and he would go and play with something then come back and hug mom to make sure everything is okay
o No danger but just want to make sure
Secure base
81
_____in times of danger
o Ex. When child is running from the dog or has pain, mom is the source of comfort
o Danger and I need your help
" Expected to be capable to provide support (the strong wise other)
Safe haven
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Four Types of Attachment styles
1. Secure
2. Anxious
3. Avoidant
4. Disorganized
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The parent is there sometimes but not all the time
Tries to get the parents attention and when they get the attention they don't know how to calm down
"FEELING BUT NOT DEALING"
Constantly draw attention to themselves by crying, yelling, clinging or screaming.
They seem to have concluded thart unless they make a spectacle, nobody is going to pay attention to them
Are not comforted or relieved when their mother returns.
Anxious
84
I know you are not going to come
Why am I going to cry if you're not going to come?
They don't cry when their mother goes away, and they ignore her when she comes back
Increase heart rate, constant state of hyperarousal.
DEALING BUT NOT FEELING"
Avoidant
85
The person we go to for help is the very source of pain
Come close then remove themselves
Ex. Walking backwards towards the caregiver
Seeking closeness and avoiding the parent
"FRIGHT WITHOUT SOLUTION"
Disorganized
86
Attachment quality (security or insecurity) affects:
1. Affect regulation and expression
2. Information processing
3. Communication
87
Attachment qualities effect on affect regulation and expression
o Proximity to a responsive caregiver is an affect regulation device
Can develop a sense of "I can figure this out" or "I know if I ask I can get help"
Securely attached people can acknowledge distress and reach out for help/comfort
- Feeling my emotions isn't
threatening
Insecure/anxious people can become emotionally overwhelmed and might reach out in ways that are not effective
- Angry, blaming, ways that make it hard for the other person to respond
Insecure/avoidant people can physiologically activate but are emotionally disconnected and do not reach out for help
- High heart rate, high blood pressure, doesn't matter how much I express no one care.
88
Attachment quality effect on Information processing
Mediated by IWM
Secure attachment helps to have a better assessment of danger
Tendency to process information in a way that confirms IWM
For people with severe trauma history, the world is filled with danger
Emotional dysregulation (both excessive activation or detachment/dissociation) can affect processes like memory, planning, openness to new evidence, etc. (implicit memories, the abuse did happen)
89
Attachment quality effect on communication
Securely attached people are more able to:
o Read vocal and facial cues from others without being over sensitive or dismissive
oSending cues to others as
well
o Reach out
o Clearly communicate their needs
o Trust
o Be empathic, attune to others
o Be assertive,
o express themselves (opinions, interests)
o Problem-solve and collaborate with others
90
The caregiver response is activated when . . .
- Intense emotion
- External cues (dog)
- External cues from child (crying)
- Internal Cues (hormones)
91
Innate motivating force to care for and protect our children
Not as researched as attachment
The Caregiving System
92
Stimuli (images,sounds) gets sent to the ______ which then sends it to the two roads
Thalamus
93
medial prefrontal cortext is part of
emotion processing
94
Dorsal Lateral pre frontal corext is part of
cognitive
95
the capacity to evaluate relative danger and safety in one's environment
Neuroception
96
Part of implicit memory
| the nervous system gets ready to respond in certain ways
priming
