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Pharmacology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(141 cards)

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1
Q

Define the term pharmacology

A

The Science of drugs, including their composition, therapeutic uses and effects

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2
Q

Explain the differences between human and veterinary pharmacology

A

Human pharmacology relates to drugs used in human medicine
Veterinary pharmacology relates to veterinary uses
Some drugs may be the same, others will be different
There are some differences among species (‘species variability’) on which drugs may be toxic, ineffective or require different doses due to different mechanisms of metabolism

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3
Q

Explain why a human pharmacist might not be able to give adequate advice to pet owners

A

Unlikely to know which medications are toxic or safe for pets or which doses are appropriate
Human drugs given doses per human
Animal drugs given mg/kg
Only trained with human drugs and human metabolism

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4
Q

Discuss the veterinary-client-patient relationship

A

Relationship between veterinarian and client/associated pet
VCPR requires that veterinarian takes responsibility for medical and treatment decisions for the animal involved and that the client agrees to follow the instructions of the veterinarian
Vet should have close knowledge of animal involved
Vet should be available for follow up procedures or emergency in the event of adverse reactions
Vet can’t prescribe medication without VCPR

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5
Q

Why should a vet be consulted in regard to refilling medication (if no refills listed on patient file already)

A

Vet must judge whether they have a valid VCPR as well as whether it is appropriate to refill the medication in question
For most veterinarians, a client is required to bring the patient in for an exam at a minimum of once yearly in order to maintain a valid VCPR and be eligible for refilling medications
However, with some medical conditions, it will be required by the veterinarian to comply with other conditions (sometimes more frequent visits, sometimes blood work, etc)

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6
Q

Prescriptions can be filled by a veterinarian or at a pharmacy

A

Lots of vet clinics have pharmacy for filling medications
Some medications for humans as well
Some medications for animals only (no human source)
It is a client’s right to ask for a prescription to be filled wherever they want

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7
Q

Why are online sources for medication a concern

A

Common in the United States
Concern for quality of medication / correct dose, as well as if owner aware of certain side effects (black market channels)

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8
Q

Be able to justify cost of drugs

A

Very common client complaint
Be aware of brand name vs generic (brand name typically more expensive)
Brand name may be preferred (better absorption, more trusted product)
Vet may use generic due to cost related reasons

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9
Q

What can pharmacies do to reduce costs

A

Buy in bulk

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10
Q

What does the label for veterinary use only indicate

A

Intended for veterinary use (animals)
Should not be used for people (can be toxic)
Use extra caution around children

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11
Q

What is an extra label

A

Refers to using medication in any way not written on the label

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12
Q

When are extra labels used

A

When using medication on species (animal to human) not written on the label
Different age than on the label
A dosage increase or decrease
A change in frequency of use
A change in route of administration or duration of treatment

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13
Q

When are extra labels applied

A

Can apply in both prescription and non prescription drugs

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14
Q

Examples of extra labels

A

Ivermectin (anti parasitic) only approved for cattle
Use of baytril as ear medication (only approved topically)
Use of cerenia (anti vomiting) used in cats, only approved in dogs

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15
Q

When a veterinarian uses a drug off label…

A

It is only used for specific circumstances because the medications are tested for certain species for certain reasons
The client should be informed when using off label drug to avoid any possible legal action of medication has poor outcome

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16
Q

Why are off label medications common

A

Some species don’t have medication specifically for them (exotics)
Sometimes a condition or disease does not have any other options
Drug research and testing expensive - so companies limit what they put on labels

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17
Q

What are OTC drugs

A

Over the counter
Doesn’t require a prescription
Just on shelves or behind pharmacy desk

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18
Q

Examples of OTC drugs

A

Gravol
Aspirin
Tylenol

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19
Q

Recording prescription drugs

A

Drugs administered/dispensed must be recorded on patients file for legal purposes

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20
Q

What must be recorded on file when drugs are administered in clinic

A 
Drug name 
Strength and dose 
Route of administration 
Date and time given 
Person who gave medication
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21
Q

What must be placed on file if drug is dispensed to client

A

Copy of prescription label (easiest)
Drug order
Contains name, strength, quantity or duration, how medication is given

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22
Q

If client is to fill prescription elsewhere.. what do you do

A

A copy of prescription or drug order must be kept on file

Carbon copy sheet on prescription pad or handwrite /type on file

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23
Q

When does a VOA see a file before it is recorded and why is it important

A

The last person

The last time a mistake can be caught .. notify vet if any problems

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24
Q

3 main challenges to filling a prescription

A

Reading the writing
Understanding the abbreviations - VOTA may not know vets abbreviations. Best to learn
Identifying the drug - drug labels similar, drugs spelled similar, names long and difficult to memorize

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25
Be aware of provincial laws limiting what tasks VOAs may perform
Not legally allowed to fill or dispense medication /administer
26
BID
Every 12 hours
27
CC
Cubic centimeters
28
Disp
Dispense
29
G | Gr
Gram
30
IM
Intramuscular
31
IP
Intraperitoneal - into the abdomen
32
IV
Intravenous
33
Mg
Milligrams
34
Ml
Milliliters
35
Mcg
Micrograms
36
OD
Right eye
37
OS
Left eye
38
OU
Both eyes
39
Tx
Treatment
40
Tab
Tablet
41
Oz
Ounce
42
PO
Per os | Orally
43
Prn
As required
44
Q
Every
45
Q4H
Every 4 hours
46
Q8h
Every 8 hours
47
Qd
Every day
48
QH
Every hour
49
Qod | Eod
Every other day
50
SID
Once daily | Once every 24 hours
51
SQ
Subcutaneous | Under the skin
52
Stat
Immediately
53
Tbsp
Tablespoon
54
15mls
Mls
55
Tsp
Teaspoon
56
QID
4 times daily = 6 hours
57
TID
3 times daily
58
Rx
Prescription
59
5ml
1 tsp
60
15 ml
1 tbsp
61
30 ml
1 ounce
62
3tsp (15ml)
1 tbsp
63
2 tbsp
1 ounce
64
8 ounces
1 cup = 16 tbsp = 240 ml
65
What are the four elements of drug regime (key elements of prescription)
Route Dosage Frequency Duration
66
Route
Where the medication is going and how it is given | Oral, ear, eye, topical, SQ injection
67
Frequency
How often should the medication be given (once daily, as needed)
68
Dosage
How much medication to give | 1 tablet, 6-7 ear drops, 1/4 inch smear into the eye)
69
Duration
How long to give (2 weeks, until finished, refil before done/life long)
70
What to do before filling and dispensing medication
Veterinarian should always check work to make sure there are no mistakes
71
What to do before sending prescription to pharmacy
Make sure all information present and not missing | May have to contact vet
72
All the information that must be on a prescription label
``` Name, address, phone number in vet clinic Name of prescribing vet Client name Patients name Drug name Drug strength Quantity dispensed Expiry date Number of refills If food animal, withdrawal time (before can be eaten) DIN - drug identification number ```
73
Filling a prescription
Dr. Will often use a combo of English and Latin Usually a base copy in computer with clinic information present (Just need to fill out prescription itself- direction the doctor gives you)
74
If you are filling prescriptions
Identify the drug(correct name) Identify the correct strength Read how often to be given (frequency, in prescription) Read how drug is to be given (route) Read how long the drug is to be given (duration) Determine how much medication is needed for that duration Locate if any refills have been okayed Make sure all of the information is on the prescription label (in English for client to read)
75
Additional warning stickers that are available
``` Pre printed, peel off, add to prescription container "Keep refridgerated" "For veterinary use only" "Give with food" "Give on empty stomach" "Protect from light" "Shake well" "For the eye" ```
76
Tablet/capsules/sustained release oral meds/enteric coated tablet container
Placed in pill vial Fill part way (not so full that it will spill) If needing protection from light (ex: clavasepting) keep in original foil packets and place in corresponding envelopes
77
Be able to print labels neatly and legibly
Usually printed Make sure label centered neatly on container If additional labels, make sure not overlapping and able to read clearly
78
Oral paste containers
Usually sent home in original containers | Have dial on syringe for dosing
79
Oral powder containers
Send home in original containers
80
Chewable tablets and deworming products
Often sent home in envelopes matching brand name
81
Oral liquids
``` Place in liquid vial Use funnel to transfer Place syringe cap top Attach syringe with elastic Place dosing line on syringe ```
82
Liquids
Place in bottles with twist off caps or dropper tops | Often marked with quantity measurements on outside (helpful for filling)(expire more quickly)
83
What kind of containers to use for prescription packaging
Child proof containers unless otherwise asked (for arthritis) May need to sign waiver in case accidents happen
84
How large should the container be when filling a prescription
The container should be large enough to hold full prescription (room at the top to avoid spillage)
85
What to use to aide in pouring prescription
Funnel or large syringe
86
What to use to dispense cream from one jar to another
Don't use fingers | Use clean tongue dispenser
87
What to never do with insulin
Shake it
88
What does it mean when medication is kept in foil
It needs to be kept in darkness (do not remove) | Ex Clavaseptin
89
How to use a pill tray
Pour medication onto tray Using a spatula or tongue dispenser, count pills and move into dispensing section Count 5 pills at a time When reached appropriate number of pills close channel and pour remaining pills back into medication in bottle Pour counted pills from dispensing channel to vial
90
What if there is no access to pill tray
Pour pills into palm of one hand (use gloves) Use other hand to grab 3 pills at a time and place into prescribed container (not recommended) Better way is to pour pills into pill cap and count them out that way
91
Splitting pills
Press on each side (wear gloves) Scapula Nail cutter Pill cutter
92
Know how to use a syringe to remove liquid medication from a bottle
Place syringe into liquid medication (tilt on angle if needed) Draw up liquid If air bubbles, squeeze out at top Make sure medication lined up to appropriate amount
93
Know how to reconstitute a powder to make a liquid
Use distilled water if available Mix well afterwards Keep in fridge
94
How to use a syringe properly to measure small volumes
Look at dashes on the syringe Be aware of the volume and dosage to dispense Be able to explain this to a client Use "fill to" line
95
Common syringe sizes
1 ml 3 ml 5 ml 12, 20, 35, 60
96
What does 1 cc equal
1 ml
97
25g
Vaccines | SQ injections
98
22g
Drawing up injectible
99
20g
Larger used for drawing up thicker medications or FNAs
100
18g
Largest | Can be used for fna SQ fluids most common (easier flow)
101
Insulin syringes
Needle not removed | Smallest size
102
U40 vs U100 insulin syringe
U40- 40 units in 1ml | U100- 100 units in 1ml
103
How to use paste or gel dispensers
Dermagel example: pump for gel, dispense a small amount at a time Typically use thin smear for most gels/creams/ointments used topically Sometimes keeping in fridge is helpful
104
Never handle cutotoxic or hazardous drugs without safety training
Ex chemotherapy drugs (always wear gloves, proper disposal if needed, hazardous waste)
105
Special instructions for clients handling hazardous waste
Avoid pet contact with young, old or immune compromised | Avoid dog parks and populated areas with pet waste
106
Chemical name
Describe the chemical nature of the active ingredient of the drug
107
Generic name
Commonly recognized name for the drug | Acetaminophen
108
Brand name
Brand of drug multiple companies can sell the same drug
109
Trade name
What the specific company calls their version of the drug Tylenol:brand and trade name
110
Sources of drug information
Drug package inserts Printed publications such as as formularies compendium or compendium of veterinary products, mosbys veterinary drug reference Internet
111
Active ingredient insert
Gives chemical name and describes action
112
Precautions prescription insert
Caution using the drug
113
Indications prescription insert
Reason to use the drug
114
Contraindications prescription insert
Reason not to use the drug
115
Overdose information insert
Useful in situations where accidental over dose
116
How do you identify controlled drugs
Controlled drugs have C on/in the box to identify (C/T, N)
117
5 rights in drug administration
``` The right patient The right drug The right strength The right quantity/amount The right time/frequency ```
118
Compounding drugs
Usually have to order from a compounding pharmacy Creation of certain pharmaceutical products Will be labeled with drug strength
119
Be able to calculate how many pills or what volume of liquid is required to fill the prescription
Pick appropriate container Prepare container by placing prescription label on it Attach any secondary labels as appropriate Choose the correct drug Use pill counter if needed Re-read patient prescription and make sure everything matches Use gloves when packing medication
120
What is a controlled drug
Medication that has the potential for human abuse or addiction and is therefore strictly controlled by health Canada There is a list of controlled drugs : these vary in amount of abuse potential (schedule 1-5) Strict rules for ordering, storing and dispensing these medications Legally required to be locked up when not in use
121
TPP program
Program to monitor the use of controlled drugs | Administered by the college of physicians and surgeons of Alberta (CPSA)
122
Prescription pads for controlled drugs
Special prescription pads for controlled drugs Have 3 copies: top two for pharmacy or vet clinic and 1 sent back to CPSA Last copy left in TPP book for vet
123
Controlled drugs that is being dispensed for more than 4 days
Must have TPP filled out by vet
124
What does the TPP include
``` Client's name Pets name Address Pets date of birth/gender Medications strength quantity and instructions for use vet must sign ```
125
What must client do with TPP when dispensing medication
Client must always sign If filling meds in clinic, 1 copy stays and one set sent to CPSA If filling at pharmacy, 2 copies sent to pharmacy
126
What's the maximum of days controlled drugs can have
4 days
127
Schedule 1 drug
Ketamine exception | High abuse potential
128
Schedule 2 drug
Fentanyl hydromorphone (euthanasia solution) NO refills
129
Schedule 3 drug
Buprenorphine Hycodan (cough suppressant) Tylenol with codeine
130
Schedule 4 drug
Valium Butorphanol Limited to 5 refills in 6m/o
131
Schedule 5
Low addictive potential Lomotil No limits on refills
132
Rules for handling controlled drugs
Only licensed vet can order or prescribe controlled drugs in Canada Stored in locked area Access limited to 1-2 people per clinic Dispensing any drug requires recording in the log book (kept for 2 years)
133
Info required in controlled drugs log book
``` Drug name Drug form (tablet, injectible) Strength Quantity Used/dispensed quantity remaining in container ```
134
Explaining medication to owner
Review how to give certain type of medication Review the medications (why how and show) Written handouts are helpful Make sure they see prescription label can be used as back up for verbal instructions Environmental care: diet, water , exercise FOLLOW UP AFTER. Let them know to call vet if any questions after
135
Extra info to send home with clients
Have client watch for side effects / problems on medication Some meds are life long; client needs to be kept informed (fill before running out) Advise client any adverse effects seen Medical emergency phone #
136
Explain to client why one prescription for one pet may not work for another
``` Different illnesses Different underlying conditions Different species Different ages (young/old) Could be on steroids, can't mix with metacam ```
137
Explain that drugs are generally excreted from the body through the liver and kidney
Blood test may be needed to monitor liver and kidney function May need to check blood work - make sure no problems with organs and for next refill Medications may have long term effects Therapeutic blood levels for ideal dosing
138
Anticonvulsants
Phenobarbital and KRB have recommended therapeutic blood levels Need to be periodically checked every 6-12 months If too low seizures may be worse
139
Be able to explain why thyroid levels are periodically checked when treating a dog with hypothyroidism/cat with hyperthyroidism
If dose too low, start to be hypothyroid | If dose too high, can see signs of hyperthyroidism (life long condition- need medication)
140
Eye medication
Applied frequently Does not stay in the eye for very long : regular tear production blinking Often QID, TID or BID or in severe cases QH
141
Know what to do when client phones requesting a refill
Each vet clinic is different NEVER tell a client its okay to refill without checking first Look at file- BW, exam. Before refilling Let client know not to run out. Call few days ahead Make sure the client has been in the clinic the past year VCPR

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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