Pharmacology Final Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What are analgesics
A
Open blood vessels
Decrease work of heart
Lower body
2
Q
Why are analgesics a concern for cats?
A
Too much may build up in system and become toxic
3
Q
What are the two main groups of pain medications
A
NSAIDS
Narcotics
4
Q
What are NSAIDs
A
Non-steroidal drugs
Anti-inflammatory
Reduce pain
5
Q
Examples of NSAIDs
A
Aspirin
Metacam
Onisor
6
Q
What are narcotics
A
Opioid drugs
Similar to morphine
Strong pain medication, cause sedation/drowsiness
7
Q
NSAID commonly prescribed to cats
A
Onisor
Commonly prescribed for pain control
8
Q
3 precautions regarding NSAIDs
A
Do not use more than 1 in a patient at a time
Avoid mixing NSAID with steroid
Typically need washout period before starting another NSAID
9
Q
What is considered a controlled drug and what does this mean?
A
Narcotics
Drugs that have potential for addiction and drug abuse
Federally regulated drugs
10
Q
Examples of narcotics
A
Fentanyl patch (topical)
Buprenorphine (injectible)
Tramadol (oral)
Morphine (injectible)
11
Q
Side effects of narcotics
A
Constipation
Anorexia
12
Q
What drugs are not commonly found in veterinary medicine due to concerns of human/owner abuse
A
Oxycontin
Percocet
Demerol
Codeine
13
Q
Why is it important to let people know the potential side effects of NSAIDs
A
Animals more sensitive than people
NSAIDs are OTC
Can cause stomach ulcers, kidney failure, liver failure
14
Q
What should owners do if pet is on NSAIDs
A
Make sure pets are eating and drinking
Watch for signs of vomit, diarrhea, blood in stool, if pet is lethargic
15
Q
How to approach client regarding NSAIDs
A
Always ask if client gives their own medication at home
Aspirin and Tylenol are not considered drugs but can cause major side effects if not taken in the appropriate dose
Always tell them to consult vet first before using these drugs
16
Q
What NSAIDs are toxic to cats
A
Ibuprofen
Aleve
Can also cause liver failure in dogs
17
Q
What NSAIDs are tolerable
A
Aspirin
18
Q
Warnings with aspirin
A
Small amounts can cause a cat to stop eating
Can damage bone marrow, liver and cause internal bleeding
Cats only need very small amount (baby aspirin) every 3 days
Always discuss with vet first
19
Q
What to do when dogs are on long term pain meds
A
Monitor liver and kidney function by doing blood tests on a regular basis to ensure there is no toxicity
20
Q
What anticonvulsant is being used for pain control in cats and dogs
A
Gabapentin
21
Q
What is Gabapentin often used for
A
Seizure control
Chronic pain and arthritis
22
Q
What are antibiotics used for
A
Bacterial infections
Nothing to do with viral infections
23
Q
2 categories of antibiotics
A
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
24
Q
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
A
Inhibits bacterial growth
25
Bacteriocidal antibiotics
Kills bacterial growth
26
Will antibiotics work for every kind of infection
No antibiotic will kill all bacteria
Some are broad spectrum (work against many types)
Some are narrow spectrum (work against a few types)
27
What route can antibiotics be taken in
Injectible
Suppository
Oral
Topical
28
Common types of antibiotics
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Sulfa drugs
Amoxicillin
Tetracycline
29
Metronidazole
Commonly used for diarrhea
30
Sulfa drugs
Broad spectrum, used for a range of bacterial infections, coccidia (parasite causing diarrhea)
31
Amoxicillin
Similar to penicillin
32
Tetracycline
Respiratory infections
| Mycoplasma
33
5 reasons antibiotics might fail
```
Inadequate wound care
Inappropriate selection
Wrong route of administration
Wrong dose
Resistant strains
```
34
Inadequate wound care
Antibiotics need to get to source of infection
35
Inappropriate selection
Wrong category of antibiotic chosen
36
Dose and frequency
Not high enough dose / taken long enough
37
Resistant strains
Strains of bacteria may develop that are resistant to certain antibiotics
38
Why should animals be examined before antibiotics are dispensed
Dosage depends on species, breed, age, general health, the disease/condition, pregnancy, weight
39
Common side effects of antibiotics
Vomiting and diarrhea
Anorexia
Allergic reactions
40
What are probiotics
Beneficial bacteria
41
Why is it better to use a cat and dog probiotic
Stomach acid more acidic (can kill human probiotics)
42
When are probiotics most commonly used
Digestion issues
| Aide immune system
43
3 most common probiotics used in veterinary care
Fortiflora
Florentero
Azodyl
44
Fortiflora
Powder, yummy (sprinkle on food)
Dog and cat
Most common for digestive issues
Used with antibiotics
45
Florentero
Chewable tablets and paste
| Dogs and cats
46
Azodyl
Capsules
Dogs and cats
Have prebiotics
47
Fungus
Single/multi celled organisms that produce spores and feed on organic matter
48
What 4 types of fungal infections do antifungals fight against
Yeast
Ringworm
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcus
49
What 3 forms can antifungals come in
Oral
Topical
Ear
50
Oral antifungal example
Ketoconazole
51
Topical antifungal example
Nystatin
52
Ear antifungals
Miconazole
53
6 most common anti fungals available
```
Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
Miconazole
Clotrimazole
Nystatin
```
54
Ketoconazole
Oral
55
Itraconazole
More expensive than k
56
Fluconazole
Oral
57
Miconazole
Cream, ointment, shampoo
58
Clotrimazole
Ear infection
59
Nystatin
Topical
| Aural
60
Common side effects of antifungals
```
V/D
Anorexia
Lethargy
Dizziness
Rash
Allergic reactions
```
61
Severe side affects of antifungals
```
Suppress adrenal glands
Damage liver (jaundice)
```
62
What should owners do with antifungals
Give with food
63
How to review eye medication instructions
Interpret from prescription instructions and advice client how to give medications
"Use one drop Tobredex OU TID for 10 days "
64
Why is it easy to contaminate eye when giving meds
Difficult to keep tip of bottle sterile because it often touches area around your eye or your finger (reason for shorter shelf life)
65
Why do eye medications need to be administered so often
Eye medications washed out with tear production
66
What kind of eye medications last longer in eye
Ointments because they provide more lubrication
67
Ointment only medications
BNP
BNPH
Tetracycline
68
Eye drop only medications
Ciloxan
| Gentocin
69
Eye drops and ointment meds
Tobradex
| Tobrex
70
Why should steroidal eye medications not be given without proper eye examination
Can inhibit healing
Decrease immune system
Can cause viral, bacterial, fungal infections to get worse
Can harm ulcers /scratches in eye and surrounding eye tissue
71
What to look for when comparing steroidal and non steroidal eye medication
Many eye medications will have similar forms
Match exactly to medication bottle
Ex tobrex and tobradex
72
What will medication say if it has steroids in it
Anti inflammatory
73
Examples of steroidal drugs
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Prednisone
74
6 types of eye medications
```
Antibiotics
Steroids
Antibiotics + steroid
NSAID
Atropine
Alcaine
```
75
Antibiotic eye medications
Bacterial infections
| Tobrex, BNP
76
Steroid eye medications
Anti-inflammatory
Immunosuppressive affect
Prednisolone
77
Antibiotic steroid medication
Mild bacterial infections that benefit from anti-inflammatory effect
Maxitrol
Tobradex
78
NSAID eye medication
Anti infatoey affect without detrimental side effects of steroids
Volteren
79
Atropine eye medication
Dilates pupils for fundic exam
| Increases eye pressure to reduce muscle spasms
80
Alcaine (proparacaine)
Local anesthetic for eye
| Freezes eye before checking eye pressure
81
What does KCS stand for
Keratoconjunctivitis
82
Why does keratoconjunctivitis happen
Over active / malfunction in immune system
Side effects of drugs
Harderian gland removal
83
2 drugs used for keratoconjunctivitis
Optimmune (Cyclosporine)
| Tacrolimus
84
Optimmune (cyclosporine)
Suppresses immune system
| Decreases the amount of destruction of tear producing cells
85
What needs to be taken with KCS drugs
Eye lubrication (tear gel, tear plus)
86
How to administer ear medications
Make sure client is getting meds into ear and massaging afterwards
87
What multiple agents can ear medications contain
Steroids
Antibiotics
Antifungals
88
6 most common ear medications
```
Surolan
Canaural
Burrows solution
Otomax
Mometamax
Osurnia
```
89
Surolan
Safest if ear canal issues
90
Canaural
Dogs and cats
91
Burrows solution
Drying solution
| Antibacterial and antifungal properties
92
Otomax
Dogs
93
Mometamax
Dogs
94
Osurnia
Dogs
95
Make sure client does not mix up eye and ear medication
Ear medication can seriously damage the eye
| Look at labels and prescription - packaging looks very similar
96
Difference between human ear canal and dog / cat ear
Basic anatomy the same
Ear canal longer in dogs and cats compared to people
More difficult to treat infections
97
Ear medications
Best to use after ear cleaned out of debris
| Has anti infection and anti-inflammatory component
98
Animals with problem ears
Should be routinely cleaned with ear cleaner to make less hospital environment for pathogens
99
When to use ear medication
Only used when needed for active ingredient (otherwise may be risk for resistant infections)
100
How far apart do you clean ears before using ear medication
1/2 hour apart otherwise ear medication may be diluted by ear cleaner
101
Ear cleaners
Usually have drying agent to reduce moisture in ear (reduce chance of infections)
Not strong enough during active infection
102
4 common ear products
Aveena Sativa
Epi-Otic
Vet solutions ear cleaner
Malacetic
103
Aveeno Sativa
Cats and dogs
Oat based
Gentle, removes wax and debris
104
Vet solutions ear cleansing solution
Dogs and cats
105
Epi-Otic
Dogs and cats
| Cleanser that allows skin to shed faster
106
Malacetic
Liquid and wipes
| Cleans and dries ears
107
Dewormer
New term for parasiticide
108
Ectoparasites
Life, fleas, ticks, mites
| Demodex, sarcoptes-mange
109
Endoparasites
Cestodes-tapeworms
Nematodes-roundworms
Trematodes- flukes
Are shed outside host to profilerate and infect new host
110
Advantage multi
Topical, dogs and cats
| Fleas, lice, heartworm, roundworms, hookworms
111
Revolution
Topical
Cats and dogs
Fleas, heartworm, ear mites, sarcoptes-mange
112
Drontal Plus/dolpac
Tapeworms, hookworms, whipworms, roundworms
113
Advantix
Topical
Dogs only
Permethrins toxic to cats
Ticks, mosquitoes, sand flies
114
Why should DEET be used in dogs and cats
Causes skin irritation, vomiting, tremor, ataxia, seizures,
| Ex: off, deep woods, many big s
115
Why should DEET be used in dogs and cats
Causes skin irritation, vomiting, tremor, ataxia, seizures,
| Ex: off, deep woods, many big sprays
116
What drug is best used for cestodes
Tapeworms
| Praziquantel
117
When are heartworm medications given
After exposure
118
What do heart medications do
```
Kill microfilariae (larvae stages)
Can't do too late, otherwise can cause cardiac arrest/clots
Can give dewormer as heartworm preventative
```
119
What will permethrins do to cats
They can kill cats and cause tremors, seizures, neurological problems, ataxia, coma and potentially death
120
What to do if pet ingests permethrins
Bring to vet immediately
| Always be cautious of buying for dog (check if cats in household)
121
Where are steroids produced
In adrenal glands (by the kidneys)
122
What do steroids do?
Regulate metabolism
Stress responses
Reducing inflammation
123
When are steroids commonly used as drugs
Used as anti-inflammatory or suppress immune system (autoimmune diseases)
124
Negative side effects of steroids
Increased drinking, urination, appetite, panting
125
Major side effects of steroids
Affects liver metabolism
Cause weight gain/bloated appearance
Muscle wasting/weakness
Inhibits immune system's ability to fight infections
126
Over dose of steroids
GI ulcers (bleeding, Cushing's disease, diabetes, pancreatitis)
127
Why can't the clinic refill steroid prescriptions without examining the cat first
Want to make sure steroids are appropriate due to side effects
Want to make sure the pet is not receiving medication that might increase the side effects of steroids (NSAIDs)
Make sure pet is not already showing signs of Cushing's or diabetes (could make worse)
Make sure pet does not have infectious disease (could worsen)
128
Explain a tapering dose of steroids to an owner
Steroids often dispensed at higher initial doses which are decreased over time
To maximize initial effectiveness and then reduce level of side effects over time
129
When animal is on steroids long term
Keep pet on lowest effective dose to reduce side effects
| Asthma, allergies
130
Common topical steroids
Theraderm
Panalog
Viaderm
131
Common oral steroids
Dexamethasone
Prednisone
Prednisolone
132
Injectible steroids
Dexamethasone
133
What to do if steroids long term
Do routine blood work
134
Emetics
Drugs to induce vomiting
Animal ate something it shouldn't have
Hydrogen peroxide orally
135
Antiemetics
Drugs to prevent/reduce vomiting
Can be dangerous (toxins, FB)
Cerenia , , gravol
136
Antacids
To reduce acidity in the stomach
Zantac
Pepcid AC
137
GIT protectants
To soothe irritation, inflamed or ulcerated GIT lining
| Sucralfate
138
Anti diarrheal
Drugs to stop diarrhea
Metronidazole
Kao-Pectate
139
Laxatives
Drugs to stop constipation, softens stool
| Lactulose, Colace
140
Pro-motility agents
Increases movement through GIT
Useful for constipation
Cisapride
141
Antibiotics in GI tract
Infectious disease causing GI disorder
Metronidazole (diarrhea)
Amoxicillin (Helicobacter infection)
142
Anti parasitic meds for GI
Pyrantel
Revolution
Advantage multi
143
Appetite stimulants
Used for anorexia if not contra indicated
Mirtazapine, cyproheptadine
Off label use
144
Medications for CRF (chronic renal failure)
```
SQ fluids
Epakitin
Azodyl
Aventi KP
Aventi KS
```
145
SQ fluids for CRF
To correct dehydration
146
Epakitin CRF
Binds to phosphorus to reduce levels
147
Azodyl CRF
Capsules
| Probiotics with prebiotics
148
Aventi KS CRF
Powder, probiotics / nutritional supplement
| Increases potassium, replenishes B vitamins
149
CRF Aventi KP
Powder, paste
Probiotic/prebiotic
Reduces high phosphorus
Increases potassium m
150
CRF Aventi KP
Powder, paste
Probiotic/prebiotic
Reduces high phosphorus
Increases potassium m
151
Dog thyroid meds
Thyro-tabs
152
Cat thyroid meds
Tapazole
153
What can be done with methimazole thyroid meds
Compound into oral liquid or ear gel
154
What do you need to do while on thyroid medications
Monitor CBC / chemistry/ T4 levels
155
What happens if levothyroxine (thyro-tabs) are too high
Hyperthyroid (weight loss, poor coat, vomiting, restless) dogs
156
What happens if cats methimazole/tapazole dose too high
Can see signs of hypothyroidism
| Weight gain, poor coat, lethargy)
157
How long do methimazole and levothyroxine need to be taken
Life long
158
Cushing's disease medications
Mitotane/lysodren
Trilostsne
Can
159
Where do you store insulin
In the fridge (increases shelf life)
160
How do you mix insulin
Gently mix
| Do not shake this will destroy the insulin
161
What are the two types of insulin syringes
U-40 animals
| U-100 humans
162
Insulin storage and handling
Single use only
163
Common insulin medications
Lantus
Caninsulin
Vet insulin
Humulin
164
Lantus
Human type
Optimal for cats
U-100
165
Caninsulin
Pet specific
U-40
Comes in dosing pens/ syringes
166
Humulin
Human type for dogs
| U-100
167
Dog diabetes
Usually insulin dependent
| Type 1 DM (lack of insulin)
168
Cat diabetes
Type 2 DM
| Insulin restraint
169
Dog heart problems
Mitral valve insufficiency (small)
| Cardiomyopathy (large)
170
Medications for CHF
Furosemide (Lasix)
Ace inhibitor : banazepril/enalapril (fortekor/enecsrd)
Pimobendan (vetmendin)
171
Furosemide (Lasix
To decrease fluid in lungs
172
Ace inhibitor
Benazepril
Fortekor
Dilates blood vessels and decrease work of heart
173
Vetmendin
Increase contractility and strength of heart
174
Most common heart condition in cats
Cardiomyopathy
| Results in heart beating too quickly (tachyarrhythmias)
175
Common cat heart meds
Propanol
Furosemide
Aspirin
Banazepril
176
Furosemide
Decrease fluid retention
177
Aspirin
Decreases blood clots
178
Banazepril
Open blood vessels
Decrease work of heart
L
179
Treating hypertension
Amlodipine
| Fortekor
