Midterm Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Philosophy
A
The love of wisdom
2
Q
Metaphysics asks…
A
“What is reality?” “What is being?”
3
Q
Epistemology asks…
A
“What is knowledge?”
4
Q
Ethics
A
“How ought we to live?”
5
Q
Ancient Philosophers (4)
A
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus
6
Q
Medieval Philosophers (4)
A
Dionysius, Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas
7
Q
Modern Philosophers (3)
A
Descartes, Kant, Fichte
8
Q
Euthyphro is by…
A
Plato
9
Q
Apology is by…
A
Plato
10
Q
Phaedo is by…
A
Plato
11
Q
Republic is by…
A
Plato
12
Q
Symposium is by…
A
Plato
13
Q
Meno is by…
A
Plato
14
Q
Metaphysics is by…
A
Aristotle
15
Q
The Divine Names is by…
A
Dionysius
16
Q
Confessions is by…
A
Augustine
17
Q
Proslogion is by…
A
Anselm
18
Q
Summa Theologica is by…
A
Aquinas
19
Q
Meditations on First Philosophy is by…
A
Descartes
20
Q
Thales’ thoughts on reality
A
Everything is water in different forms
21
Q
Anaximander’s thoughts on reality
A
Things are not made up out of any particular substance, such as water, but rather an underlying material, which he calls the Infinite or Boundless
22
Q
Anaximenes’ thoughts on reality
A
Everything is air in different forms
23
Q
Phythagoras’s thoughts on reality
A
Number is what underlies all of reality
24
Q
Leucippus’s thoughts on reality
A
The universe and everything within it was made up of small indivisible particles or atoms moving around in the void.
25
Democritus's thoughts on reality
The universe and everything within it was made up of small indivisible particles or atoms moving around in the void.
26
Who said... "The Universe is made up of bodies [atoms] and the void."
Epicurus
27
definition of ATOM
uncuttable or indivisible; from the Greek atomos—the a means “not” and the tomos means “cuttable”
28
definition of THE VOID
some kind of empty space
29
In the Euthyphro, what was Euthyphro doing at the court?
Euthyphro is at the court bringing charges against his father.
30
What is the central topi of discussion in the Euthyphro?
piety
31
In the Apology, who are the two kinds of accusers that Socrates says he will have to address?
1. Those who have been speaking against Socrates in private for many years. (Those who have given him a bad reputation). 2. Those who have brought this case against Socrates—Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon.
32
What does Socrates mean by “human wisdom”?
Knowing that one does not know. Knowing one’s own ignorance.
33
Charges brought against Socrates
Corrupts the youth. • “busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth” • “he makes the worse argument the stronger” and teaches others to do the same. • he creates new gods while not believing in the old ones.
34
Socrates was given a chance to escape from prison, but chose to stay and die. Why?
He thought that that was the right thing to do.
35
How was Socrates condemned to die?
By drinking Hemlock
36
Central question in the Republic
"What is justice?"
37
6 things discussed in Socrates' REPUBLIC
ideal government or state; ideal education; the soul; happiness; the idea of the Good; The Allegory of the Cave
38
The Ring of Gyges
It granted its owner the power to become invisible at will. Through the story of the ring, Republic considers whether an intelligent person would be moral if he did not have to fear being caught and punished.
39
Glaucon asks Socrates to consider two types of people:
One is a terribly unjust person who somehow manages to maintain a reputation of being the most just. The other is a perfectly just person, who has the reputation of being completely unjust.
40
Glaucon wants Socrates to show that a just man who has a bad reputation and suffers is ________ than an unjust man who has a good reputation and the power to get whatever he wants.
happier
41
The Divided Line (draw it)
42
4 cardinal virtues
Wisdom; Courage; Temperance; Justice
43
Plato's Allegory of the Cave (explanation)
he seems to point out that there is a sense in which we would rather know the truth about things then live a life of slavish pleasures.
44
Plato's Allegory of the Cave (Picture)
45
In the Republic, Socrates three parts of the soul
Reason: The philosophical (lit. wisdom-loving)
The spirited part: The honor-loving
The appetitive part: The profit-loving
46
What rules in a tyrannical soul?
the worst of the appetitive desires rule.
47
What rules in a just soul?
reason
48
In the Republic, Socrates three criteria that people should refer to in rationally deciding any dispute
Experience; Reason; Argument
49
Derived from Republic: What seems to be ___ is not always what actually is \_\_\_\_.
good
50
Derived from Republic: There is a good itself to which our opinions about good and bad ought to \_\_\_\_.
conform
51
Derived from republic: _______ would consist in living in conformity with the good itself, whatever the good itself turns out to be.
happiness
52
3 Principles derived from Republic
1. what seems to be good is not always what actually is good.
2. there is a good itself to which our opinions about good and bad ought to conform
3. happiness would consist in living in conformity with the good itself, whatever the good itself turns out to be.
53
In The Symposium, Socrates delivers a speech we heard from \_\_\_\_\_
Diotima
54
In The Symposium, Diotima claims that happiness consists in....
possessing what is (Truly) good
55
In the Symposium, Diotima defines love as...
"wanting to possess the good forever."
56
According to Diotima, the *object* of love is not beauty alone, but...
"giving birth in beauty, whether in body or soul"
57
The steps and order of the Ladder of Love:
1. The Good and Beautiful itself
2. The beauty of knowledge
3. the beauty of actions and customs
4. the beauty of the soul
5. the beauty in all bodies
6. the beauty in other bodies
7. the beauty of one body
58
Why does Socrates tell the myth about recollection in the Meno?
Meno presented Socrates with the Debator's Paradox,
“A man cannot search either for what he
knows or for what he does not know”
59
THE FORM cannot be sensibly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and does not exist as a \_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_ thing.
perceived; physical/sensible
60
THE FORM is what it is (\_\_\_\_\_\_), no matter what words we use to refer to it
exists
61
THE FORM is not equal to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a definition
62
Definitions are \_\_\_\_\_\_, but the FORM is always \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
different ; the same
63
Thus the FORM is the ________ upon which the correctness of a definition is based.
standard
64
The FORM _______ the definition in some sense.
pre-existed
65
Why does Socrates think that the forms are in a sense *more real *than sensible things?
It doesn’t make sense to say that I do
or don’t believe in the forms.
I can have beliefs about the things that share in the forms, but the forms themselves are not objects of belief.
Knowledge is what truly is (which is the forms)
66
What do Socrates and Plato think the unhypothetical arche of all is?
The Good (and the One). (Socrates - first principle in everything)
67
According to Aristotle, God is...
thought thinking itself
68
Dionysius argues that God is...
the Good beyond being
69
What was the section that we read from St. Augustine's Confessions about?
Confessions is a prayer. The question Augustine is asking is how he knows God, and this leads to a discussion of what memory is. Basically, this is the Christian version of Plato’s Theory of Recollection.
70
St. Anselm is the father of what kind of philosophy?
scholasticism (which grew out of monastic)
71
What is the name of the philosophy that became dominant during the Middle Ages?
Scholasticism (which grew out of monastic)
72
Ontological argument for God
Argues for God’s existence from the very idea of God.
73
Cosmological argument for God
Argues for God’s existence from the existence of the world.
74
St. Anselm's argument in the Proslogion is a _______ argument for God's existence.
ontological
75
St. Thomas Aquinas' arguments for God's existence are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cosmological
76
St. Anselm's definition of God...
something than which nothing greater can be thought
77
According to all the Medieval philosophers that we read.. God is....
the good
78
The father of Modern Philosophy...
Descartes
79
For Descartes, questioning involves...
doubt (as opposed to Ancient and Medieval philosophers)
80
For Descartes, absolute certainty, clarity, and distinctness become...
standards for genuine knowledge
81
Skepticism
the belief that we cannot know anything
82
solipsism
the belief that I am the only thing that really exists
83
Who said, "I think, therefore I am."
Descartes
84
To Descartes, the "I" is...
a thinking thing
85
An "IDEA" according to Descartes definition
the objects of subjective acts...
An image that I sense
An image that I imagine
A concept that I think about
86
Why is proving God's existence imiportant for Descartes' argument in the Meditations?
1. Because this way he doesn’t have to be a solipsist.
2. Because if God exist, then there will be no possibility that the evil demon could be deceiving him anymore.
87
by the end of the Meditations, does Descartes think that we can know that the world exists?
Yes, through the senses, we know
88
In the Mediations, Descartes' argument moves from proving that "\_\_\_\_\_\_" to priving that "\_\_\_\_\_" to proving that "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_"
I exist; God exists; The world exists
