Midterm

Question 1

Craniocervical junction is used to check dimensions of?

Answer 1

Sella Turcica dimensions

Question 2

Sella Turcica dimensions:

AP, what is the normal and upper limit size?

Answer 2

12mm - 16mm

Question 3

Sella Turcica dimensions:

Vertical view, what is the average and upper limit of size?

Answer 3

8-12mm

Question 4

Why do we need to see distinct osseous boundaries of Sella turcica?

Answer 4

Blurring/erosion/widening of pituitary fossa can be significant

Question 5

What can cause empty sella syndrome, pituitary tumor-macroadenoma, and craniopharyngioma?

Answer 5

Enlargemnet of sella turcica

Question 6

What is the McGregor line (basal line)?

Answer 6

Direct line from posterior tip of hard palate to lowest point of occipital bone

Question 7

McGregor line (basal line):
Odontoid process should not pass this line by more than \_\_\_\_\_ in males,
\_\_\_\_\_ females.

Answer 7

(M) 7-8mm

(F) 10mm

Question 8

McGregor line (basal line) is most accurate measure for __________impression in rheumatoid arthritis, other bone softening conditions.

Answer 8

Invagination/basilar

Question 9

What is the Chamberlain line?

Answer 9

It connects posterior hard palate with posterior margin of foramen magnum

Question 10

Chamberlain line:

_____ should not pass this line <4mm can be normal.

Answer 10

Odontoid process

Question 11

What is the Macrae line?

Answer 11

It connects anterior-posterior foramen magnum.

Question 12

Macrae line:

Should always remain more _____ to lowest-most tip of occiput

Answer 12

superior

Question 13

What is the Digastric line?

Answer 13

A line connecting bases of the Mastoid processes: C2 Dens should not project above this line

Question 14

Power’s ratio​ is for _____ dissociation.

Answer 14

Atlanto-occipital

Question 15

Power’s ratio​:
Distance between the basion and the
posterior spinolaminar line of C1 divided by the distance between the A arch of C1 and the opisthion. Should always be __.

Answer 15

< 1 (Less than 1)

Question 16

What conditions can increase the atlantodental interspace (ADI)?

Answer 16

Instability (RA, inflammatory, Down Syndrome, Grisel syndrome-pharyngeal infection spread)

Question 17

In CHILDREN, the Atlantodental interspace (ADI) should be ___.

Answer 17

<5mm

Question 18

In ADULTS, the Atlantodental interspace (ADI) should be ___.

Answer 18

<3 mm

Question 19

Atlantodental interspace (ADI) is considered NORMAL at ___.

Answer 19

2 mm

Question 20

What is the BALLOONING OF SELLA​?

Answer 20

Widened pituitary fossa

Question 21

Basilar scull angle/Martin’s angle aka Welcker basilar angle, sphenobasilar angle is utilizing what landmarks?

Answer 21

1. nasion to middle of pituitary fossa

2. anterior border of magnum (clivus) to middle of pituitary fossa

Question 22

Basilar scull angle/Martin’s angle aka Welcker basilar angle, sphenobasilar angle should be WITHIN ___ degrees.

Answer 22

125-143 degrees

Question 23

PLATYBASIA​: Martin’s angle is usually greater than ___ degrees.

Answer 23

> 152 degrees

Question 24

What is occipitalization of C1 or atlanto-occipital assimilation?

Answer 24

Failure of vertebral segmentation, leading to fusion of C1 with occiput. Can be C2-C3 in 50% of cases

Question 25

What is a complete cleft palate?

Answer 25

Atlas not visualized (visible)

Question 26

What is a incomplete cleft palate?

Answer 26

``` Partial visualization (visible) of atlas ```

Question 27

What is the clinical complication of occipitalization of C1 or atlanto-occipital assimilation?

Answer 27

Neurological complications in cases of narrowing of foramen magnum

Question 28

Is it possible to have | a third condyle on the occipital vertebra?

Answer 28

Yes, it's an anomaly

Question 29

What is epitransverse and paracondylar process?

Answer 29

TP of atlas grows towards the cranial base. This process sometimes meets with a paracondylar process from the occipital bone, forming a pseudoarthrosis.

Question 30

What is Os Avis?

Answer 30

Undescended tip of the odontoid process, still attached to clivus

Question 31

What is Arnold-Chiari Malformations?

Answer 31

Caudual displacement of cerebellum and brainstem through foramen magnum

Question 32

This type of Arnold-Chiari malformation is the most common type with cerebella tonsil displaced through foramen magnum into upper cervical canal > 6-mm (upper limit).

Answer 32

Chiari-type-1

Question 33

This type of Arnold-Chiari malformation is the less common than type 1, but much more severe, associated with forms of spinal dysraphisim and myelomeningocele with more severe neurological abnormalities

Answer 33

Chiari-type-2

Question 34

What is Agenesis of posterior arch of C1?

Answer 34

“missing” posterior arch as result of failed ossification

Question 35

Agenesis of posterior arch of C1 have hypertrophy of _____ and/or _____ of C2.

Answer 35

Anterior arch; megaspinous

Question 36

The partial or complete, uni or bilateral ossification of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane is called?

Answer 36

Posterior ponticle?

Question 37

Posterior ponticle can potentially compress _____ artery if its running through opening.

Answer 37

Vertebral artery

Question 38

Kimmerle anomaly and ponticulus posticus is another name for?

Answer 38

Posterior ponticle

Question 39

Instability of cervical spine in patient with down syndrome is due to _____, increased atlantodental interval.

Answer 39

Laxity of connective tissue. (Widening is seen between vertebrae when flexed)

Question 40

What is Spina bifida Occulta?

Answer 40

"Hole" in vertebrae

Question 41

What is Persistent ossiculum terminale?

Answer 41

Failure of tip of the dens to ossify.

Question 42

Persistent ossiculum terminale resides above the _____?

Answer 42

Transverse band of Alar ligaments

Question 43

Possible forgotten trauma that lead to failed fusion of Odontoid peg and C2 body in early childhood

Answer 43

Os Odontoideum

Question 44

Which type of Os Odontoideum has a normal position of the dens with wide gap between the body of C2?

Answer 44

Type 1 Os Odontoideum

Question 45

Which type of Os Odontoideum is hypoplastic and/or displaced dens?

Answer 45

Type 2 Os Odontoideum