Midterm (Morgan)

Question 1

_____ is different from McGregor’s line because it goes to posterior
margin of foramen magnum, whereas McGregor’s line just goes to
lowest point of the occiput.

Answer 1

Chamberlin line

(Line drawn from hard palate TO posterior margin of foramen magnum.

Question 2

This line is drawn from anterior foramen magnum TO the posterior foramen magnum.

Answer 2

Macrae line

Question 3

The Atlantodental interspace (ADI) in pediatric spine should be Less than ___

Answer 3

<5 mm.

Question 4

Atlantodental interspace (ADI) in pediatric spine can appear as _____.

Answer 4

Pseudo-anteriolisthesis

Question 5

Platybasia and basilar invaginations are measured by?

Answer 5

Martin’s angle

Question 6

Undescended tip of odontoid process – still attached to clivus is called?

Answer 6

Os Avis

Question 7

Congenital, caudal tonsillar herniation of cerebellum​ & brainstem due to small volume OR ​hypoplasia of posterior cranial fossa. This is known as?

Answer 7

Arnold-Chiari malformations

Question 8

Most common, headaches associated with evidence of syrinx formation/hydrocephalus. What type of Arnold-Chiari is this?

Answer 8

Type 1

Question 9

Less common, more severe. Associated with Spina bifida, neurological abnormalities. What type of Arnold- Chiari is this?

Answer 9

Type 2

Question 10

This Arnold- Chiari is incompatible with life.

Answer 10

Type 3, and 4

Question 11

Ponticle (Kimerle Ponticulus posticus) is the ossification of _____.

Answer 11

Atlanto- occipital membrane

Question 12

Anteroposterior diameter at the level of the affected
vertebral joint is smaller than the diameter at the superior and inferior limits of
vertebrae. (Skinny waist) This is known as?

Answer 12

Wasp-waist deformity

Question 13

Failed segmentation of 2 or more vertebrae during 3-6 weeks of embryogenesis Shortened neck, elevated scapula, and associated with Sprengel deformity. This is describing what syndrome?

Answer 13

Klippel-Feil syndrome

Question 14

Renal abnormalities (unilateral renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney​) can also be associated with?

Answer 14

Klippel-Feil syndrome

Question 15

Which type of Klippel-Feil syndrome has more than 2 blocked vertebrae?

Answer 15

Type 1

Question 16

Which type of Klippel-Feil syndrome has fused vertebrae, atlanto-occipital fusion, hemivertebrae in thoracic spine?

Answer 16

Type 2

Question 17

Which type of Klippel-Feil syndrome is involved in cervical, lower thoracic, and lumbar fusion?

Answer 17

Type 3

Question 18

Cervical absence of _____ is associated with spina bifida occulta, and bilateral agenesis of pedicles, spondylolithesis may develop.

Answer 18

Cervical absence of pedicles.

Question 19

Cervical rib is most commonly found at ___, more ___ than ___.

Answer 19

C7, more females than males.

Question 20

Does cervical rib attach to sternum?

Answer 20

NO!

Question 21

Cervical rib can lead to _______?

Answer 21

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Question 22

Neurogenic with CN 5,7,9, or 10 – leads to facial pain on
swallowing, voice changes, pain on tongue movement. Vascular complications include compression of internal or
external carotid aa. This is known as?

Answer 22

Stylohyloid ligament ossification (Eagle Syndrome)

Question 23

Eagle syndrome​: ossification greater than ___cm

Answer 23

3cm

Question 24

Cobb’s method of mensuration is used to measure what?

Answer 24

Scoliosis

Question 25

Thoracic cage dimensions (Lateral view): Level of T8 should be no less than ___cm in adults

Answer 25

11 cm

Question 26

Straight back syndrome: a loss of normal ___ and AP chest dimension – leading to restriction of right ventricular outflow

Answer 26

Kyphosis

Question 27

What are the two methods of rating of Spondylolisthesis?

Answer 27

Meyerding/grading (preferred method)

Question 28

Grade 1 Spondylolisthesis is the disc slippage of ___%.

Answer 28

1-25%

Question 29

Grade 2 Spondylolisthesis is the disc slippage of ___%.

Answer 29

26-50%

Question 30

Grade 3 Spondylolisthesis is the disc slippage of ___%.

Answer 30

51-75%

Question 31

Grade 4 Spondylolisthesis is the disc slippage of ___%.

Answer 31

76%-100%

Question 32

What is Grade 5 Spondylolisthesis?

Answer 32

Complete slippage

Question 33

If L5 body crosses perpendicular line constructed by the anterior sacral base margin, anteriolisthesis is to be considered. What line is used?

Answer 33

Ullmann line

Question 34

What is interpedicular distance?

Answer 34

The distance between the 2 pedicles on the same vertebrae

Question 35

What is the normal interpedicular distance at L4?

Answer 35

27 mm

Question 36

_____ of interpedicular distance is indicative of congenital abnormalities (​duralectasia​) or post-inflammatory in ​Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS).

Answer 36

Widening

Question 37

_____ of interpedicular distance ​ can be caused by achondroplasia.

Answer 37

Narrowing

Question 38

Eisenstein method is used to measure what?

Answer 38

Sagittal lumbar canal

Question 39

NORMAL sagittal lumbar canal should be no less than ___mm, and is measured by?

Answer 39

14 mm. ; Eisenstein method

Question 40

The lumbar canal can be congenitally narrowed due to _____.

Answer 40

Short pedicles

Question 41

What are the differential absorption (bad x-rays)?

Answer 41

1. X-rays pass through film 2. X-rays are completely absorbed in patient 3. X-rays defect and produce Compton scatter

Question 42

X-rays in cathode end is (POS/NEG) → X-rays hit focal spot on anode (POS/NEG) end of tube

Answer 42

NEG; POS

Question 43

On X-Ray, air shows up as what color?

Answer 43

Black

Question 44

On X-Ray, fat shows up as what color?

Answer 44

Slightly less black

Question 45

On X-Ray, water shows up as what color?

Answer 45

Gray

Question 46

On X-Ray, Bone, metal, and calcium shows up as what color?

Answer 46

White

Question 47

Cervical views MUST include ___ and ___ regions.

Answer 47

Cranio-cervical; Cervico-thoracic

Question 48

AP lower cervical (APLC) is used for what spinal levels?

Answer 48

C3-C7

Question 49

AP open mouth (APOM) is used for what spinal levels?

Answer 49

C1-C2

Question 50

_____ is FIRST PERFORMED, especially trauma is suspected.

Answer 50

Lateral projection

Question 51

Oblique views are used for evaluation of _____?

Answer 51

Intervertebral foramina

Question 52

What is normal soft tissue measurement for retropharyngeal?

Answer 52

7mm at C2

Question 53

What is normal soft tissue measurement for retrotracheal?

Answer 53

22mm at C6 and C7

Question 54

What is the A.B.C.S. approach for radiographic evaluations?

Answer 54

Alignment – relationships b/w joints and osseous structures Bone – density, sclerotic processes Cartilage – joint/disc spaces Soft tissues – fluid, calcifications

Question 55

Are we born with uncinate process/uncovertebral joint?

Answer 55

No.

Question 56

How should Uncinate processes look?

Answer 56

Sharp appearance

Question 57

What indicates degeneration of the uncinate process?

Answer 57

Puffy appearance

Question 58

To check Pituitary fossa (Sella Turcica) what cervical view is need to capture Craniocervical junction?

Answer 58

Lateral view