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ENG 201 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Why did humans establish myths? (2)

A
  • They began to settle after realizing cosmic order (e.g. cycle of days, seasons, moon)
  • They became agriculturally-based
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2
Q

What are early examples of mythological thinking and human consciousness? (3)

A
  • Religious practices (e.g. burial sites with objects to be used in the afterlife)
  • Bear skulls (cycle of hibernation and sleep)
  • Venus figurines
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3
Q

What do the Venus figurines represent? Where were they found? (3)

A
  • Fertility
  • A matriarchal order before the patriarchy
  • Commonly found next to fireplaces, the heart of the home
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4
Q

What does myth/mythos mean?

A

Speech or story; originally oral then written down around 1000 BC

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5
Q

What does mythology mean?

A

A collection of stories

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6
Q

What are the functions/purposes of myths? (5)

A

1) Give historical facts (e.g. Trojan War)
2) Express religious rites (e.g. worship of gods)
3) Often aetiological (express aspects of nature/origin)
4) Express human feelings and emotions (leads to psychology)
5) Express philosophical ideas

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7
Q

What are sagas/legends?

A

Stories with their basis in history

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8
Q

What are folktales/fairy tales? (3)

A
  • Stories with fantastic beings (e.g. monsters)
  • Heroes who win in the end
  • A world of magic
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9
Q

Mircea Eliade

A

A historian who emphasized the relationship between myths, rituals, and rites and provided explanations to individuals and society

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10
Q

Myths and aetiology (2)

A
  • Explains nature and facts

- Okay for creation and origins, but doesn’t include heroic myths

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11
Q

Myths as allegory and metaphor

A

Suggests that myths contain other meanings, but leaves out complexities

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12
Q

Myths and rationalism

A

Suggests that individuals who did great deeds were deified, but doesn’t consider aetiological myths

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13
Q

Freud (4)

A
  • Used myths as analysis for inner human
  • Recurring patterns, symbols, motifs, (e.g. Oedipus complex)
  • Reflect incoherent vision and impulses of the sleep world (e.g. the Legend of the Minotaur, Saga of the House of Atreus)
  • Telling myths as a form of catharsis
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14
Q

Jung (3)

A
  • “Collective consciousness” – archetypes and heroic patterns
  • Emphasizes the dependence of all societies on myths (important but overvalues similarities in the minds of individual human societies)
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15
Q

J.G. Frazer and Jane Harrison (3)

A
  • The Golden Bough
  • Links myth to ritual and religion
  • Limiting
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16
Q

Robert Graves (2)

A
  • Emphasis on archaeological and literary

- Stresses ritual

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17
Q

Bronislav Malinowski (3)

A
  • Anthropologist
  • Stranded near New Guinea in WWI to grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world
  • Explores myth not in cosmic terms but as charters of social customs and beliefs
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18
Q

Claude Lévi-Strauss (2)

A
  • Relation of myth to society

- Makes meaningful connections between different myths, but they are oversimplified

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19
Q

Vladimir Propp (2)

A
  • Heroic sequence (e.g. Heracles, Theseus, Perseus, Jason)

- But can’t do it for others

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20
Q

Walter Burkett (2)

A
  • Combines structural with historical/cultural

- Tales are founded on basic biological or cultural

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21
Q

Importance of making meaning of myths

A

It’s important to identify patterns, but not all myths fit into patterns

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22
Q

What is comparative studies?

A

They show structures and motifs in Greek literature that are common to mythologies of the world

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23
Q

Joseph Campbell (3)

A
  • His work encompasses oral literal, and material mythology
  • Looks at shared spiritual values and legends of various people’s over the centuries
  • Sometimes overlooks the complexity of Greek and Roman myths
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24
Q

Feminist approaches to myth (2)

A
  • Often focus on psychological and social situations of female characters
  • Examine the position of women in ancient society (yet cannot impose modern values onto the classical world)
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25
Q

Women in Greek society (3)

A
  • Were citizens but couldn’t vote
  • Took part in society (e.g. religious ceremonies)
  • Women had the education (went to the theatre, etc)
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26
Q

Common themes of Greek myths (4)

A
  • Blinding passion
  • Little distinction between love and abduction
  • Homosexuality was respected and practiced
  • Homer inspired poets, who inspired drama, who inspired philosophy
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27
Q

Who was Hesiod? (2)

A
  • An epic poet

- Wrote 2 important texts around 700 BC

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28
Q

What is Theogony?

A

Hesiod’s poem about the creation of the world, the origins of the Gods and of humans

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29
Q

How does Theogony begin? (2)

A

1) With the invocation of the muses

2) There are 9 of them, they are associated with the arts

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30
Q

What purpose do the muses serve? (2)

A

1) The primal importance of the female

2) Inspiration for the male poet

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31
Q

How were the muses depicted in ancient works?

A

Undressed which gives artists a way to reveal the human body (beauty and youth)

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32
Q

What is chaos? (2)

A
  • Pregnant nothingness; a void giving birth to something

- Basically Ge or Gaia, mother earth

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33
Q

What is Tartarus? (3)

A
  • The deepest part of the underworld
  • Represented as the female womb originally
  • Later becomes the prison for the worst offenders
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34
Q

What is Eros? (2)

A
  • Love, a procreative force

- Later becomes Aphrodite’s son Cupid

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35
Q

What is Hesiod’s creation myth? (3)

A
  • Gaia spontaneously gives birth to Tartarus and Eros
  • The Greeks thought of love initially; love and sex go together
  • Coming together of Faia and Eros means the birth of the world
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36
Q

Who is Aristophanes?

A

The first writer of comic drama

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37
Q

What is Aristophanes’ take on Hesiod’s version of the creation myth? (4)

A
  • Eros appears with wings (the prototype of cupid)
  • Idea of taking flight and being able to move
  • Father of the birds, they were there before anything else
  • Satire
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38
Q

What is Hieros gamos? (3)

A
  • The sacred marriage
  • Seen in comparative mythologies
  • The fundamental first principle of male and female joining together to birth
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39
Q

Who is Ouranos? What does he do? (3)

A
  • The sky, the idea of the male on top of the female
  • Mates with Gaia and they have monstrous children
  • Gaia gives birth to the second generation of gods and the hieros gamos
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40
Q

Who is Chronos?

A
  • The personification of time and the sky (Saturn)
  • Often associated with the golden era
  • Name means “carrying the scythe”
  • Many temples honouring him in Rome, as a symbol of nostalgia
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41
Q

Who is Rhea?

A
  • The female, earth

- Gives birth to Zeus

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42
Q

Theme of castration (3)

A
  • Younger son taking over the previous generation
  • Chronos castrating Ouranos
  • Zeus castrating Chronos, ends the trend but he still maintains his fear with Prometheus
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43
Q

Zeus and Hera

A

Become the 3rd generation of hieros gamos and the head of the olympian gods

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44
Q

What was the Earth Mother Goddess originally? (2)

A

1) Day and night

2) Different phases of the moon reflecting life

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45
Q

How does the Earth Mother Goddess work?

A

1) She is fertile because things grow out of the womb (e.g. agriculture)
2) A creature of love and sex, because it happens without regeneration
3) By the 3rd generation her powers are diluted

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46
Q

Earth Mother Goddess and the male/female principle (3)

A
  • Concept of man on top of/covering the woman
  • The male is the sky and rain sperm on her (also fertile)
  • She is the fertile earth, the womb from which all grows
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47
Q

Who were the Earth Mother Goddesses after the split? (6)

A

1) Demeter
2) Persephone
3) Hestia
4) Aphrodite
5) Hera
6) Athene

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48
Q

Who is Demeter?

A

Goddess of the harvest and fertility

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49
Q

Who is Persephone?

A

Demeter’s daughter, the underworld

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50
Q

Who is Hestia?

A

Goddess of the hearth

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51
Q

Who is Aphrodite? (4)

A
  • Primal love, creative force
  • The female principle of Eors, symbol of sex, love, and beauty
  • A powerful force (even Zeus is subject to to her)
  • Wife of Hephaestus
  • Involved in love triangle with Ares
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52
Q

How is Aphrodite born?

A

When Zeus castrates Chronos and his testicles fall into the sea, out of the blood comes monsters but out of the sperm comes Aphrodite from either Cyprus or Cythera

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53
Q

Who is Hera?

A

Goddess of marriage and children

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54
Q

Who is Athene?

A

Goddess of wisdom

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55
Q

What are the other gods that are displaced by the Olympians? (5)

A

1) Helios
2) Selene
3) Eos (Dawn)
4) Chronos (Saturn)
5) Atlas

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56
Q

Who is Helios? (2)

A
  • The sun god

- In later incarnations associated with Apollo

57
Q

Who is Selene? (4)

A
  • The moon goddess
  • Later associated with Artemis
  • Falls in love with the handsome Endymion
  • Asks to remain forever young
58
Q

Who is Eos? (2)

A
  • Falls in love with Tithonus but when she asks the gods to grant him immortality she forgets to ask for eternal youth
  • He gets older and older and eventually becomes a cricket (why old people creak, and aetiological myth)
59
Q

Who is Atlas? (2)

A
  • A defeated Titan doomed to hold the weight of the world on his shoulders
  • Often depicted as holding a flat disc as that is how the Greeks saw earth
60
Q

What are the Five Ages?

A

Golden Age, Silver Age, Bronze Age, Age of Heroes, Iron Age

61
Q

What is the Golden Age? (3)

A
  • Chronos was rulers
  • People were carefree and didn’t work
  • Lived for a long time and died in their sleep
62
Q

What is the Silver Age? (2)

A
  • The world was worse off than in the Golden Age

- People were arrogant, irreligious, and lifeless

63
Q

What is the Bronze Age? (3)

A
  • Terrible (worse than Silver Age)
  • Weapons
  • Killing each other
64
Q

What is the Age of Heroes? (3)

A
  • Battles of Troy and Thebes
  • Honour
  • Isles of the Blessed
65
Q

What is the Iron Age?

A

Work, war, dishonouring parents, destructive

66
Q

What do the 5 ages teach us?

A

The concept of the world getting worse, a vision of paradise in the past

67
Q

Themes of The Illiad (7)

A
  • War
  • Love
  • Heroism
  • Destiny
  • Dispair
  • Loss
  • Meaning of life and death
68
Q

Themes of The Odyssey (4)

A
  • Hero: Odysseus
  • Challenges/difficulties faced and overcome
  • Happy ending: home, reunion with family
  • Odyssey means “quest for life itself”
69
Q

Homer in modern and contemporary poetry (2)

A
  • Both The Illiad and the Odyssey have been revisioned, reinterpreted, and rewritten
  • The epics have inspired many great poets throughout time including Yeats and Margaret Atwood
70
Q

What areas were seen as the beginning of city civilizations and more structured societies? When? (2)

A
  • Iran, Syria, Egypt, modern day Southern Turkey, and Greece

- 3500 BC

71
Q

Who was the first person to look at The Iliad as a historical basis? How?

A
  • Heinrich Schliemann

- Went to Greece for an archaeological dig, found remnants of Troy and concluded that it had been rebuilt several times

72
Q

Who discovered the mask of Agamemnon and the Mycenae?

A

Heinrich Schliemann

73
Q

What is Mycenae?

A

The city of Agamemnon

74
Q

What is the Beehive Tomb?

A

The tomb of Agamemnon - built like a beehive with Agamemnon and Clytemnestra’s names of the wall

75
Q

Who discovered Knossos?

A

Arthur Evans (an archaeologist)

76
Q

What is Knossos?

A

The Palace of Minos and the labyrinth

77
Q

What colours are the buildings of Knossos? (4)

A

Hematite, Lapis, Red clay, turquoise

78
Q

What are the famous wall paintings of Knossos? (4)

A

1) The Painted Lady
2) The Bull in Knossos
3) Dolphins in the Queen’s Bedroom
4) Paintings of monkeys, lilies, and painted ladies

79
Q

When did the Trojan War probably happen?

A

1250 - 1300 BC

80
Q

How does Mycenae prove that some of the heroes mentioned in the Iliad had historical context?

A

Shrine devoted to Helen in Sparta

81
Q

What are the 2 theories of why Crete was deveated?

A

1) The great earthquake in Satorini around 1300 BC
2) The northern tribe came town (the Dorians), took over the Minoan civilizations and became patriarchal – their king of gods was Zeus, who was born in Crete, linking both worlds

82
Q

What is Zeus considered to be?
What does he rule?
What is he associated with?

A
  • King or leader of gods
  • The sky, controls thunder and lightning
  • Associated with the eagle and oak tree
83
Q

Who is Zeus married to?
What does she do?
How is she described?

A
  • Hera, his sister, the goddess of marriage
  • She hen-picks him for his infidelities
  • She is described as “ox-eyed” referring to her fertility
84
Q

What is Hera’s animal?

A

Peacock

85
Q

Who is Hephaestus? (3)

A
  • Son of Hera
  • Wife of Aphrodite: their union is of art and love
  • Creator of the beautiful, forges art (civilization)
86
Q

Who is Ares? (3)

A
  • God of wasteful war
  • Involved in love triangle with Hephaestus and Aphrodite
  • Hated by the Greeks, later revered by Romans as Mars
87
Q

Who is Hermes? (5)

A
  • Son of Zeus
  • Has winged feet
  • Trickster figure
  • Messenger god for the gods
  • Leads souls to the underworld
88
Q

Who is Athena? (3)

What is she associated with? (3)

A
  • Daughter of Zeus, born from his head in full warrior gear
  • Goddess of war and heroes
  • Associated with civilizations
  • Athens, olive tree, owl
89
Q

Who is Apollo? (5)

What is he associated with? (2)

A
  • Son of Zeus and Leto
  • Born on Delos
  • Twin of Artemis
  • Takes over the oracle of Delphi
  • Plays golden lyre
  • Laurel tree and dolphin
90
Q

Who is Artemis? (3)

What is she associated with? (1)

A
  • Daughter of Zeus and Leto
  • Twin of Apollo
  • Virgin moon goddess, goddess of the hunt
  • Associated with the deer
91
Q

What is the oracle of Delphi? (4)

A

A prophecy, sun god, “healer”, symbolizes art and civilization

92
Q

Who is Hymen?

A

The god of virginity

93
Q

Who is Hebe?

A

The goddess of youth

94
Q

Who is Iris? (2)

A
  • The goddess of the rainbow

- Messenger god

95
Q

Who are the Graces? (3)

A

They signify laugher, grace, and beauty

96
Q

Who is Nemesis?

A

Goddess of vengeance, just rewards for actions

97
Q

Who is Aidos?

A

Goddess of conscience

98
Q

What are Moriae? (4)

A

The 3 fates:

  • Clotho (spinner)
  • Lachesis (meters out life)
  • Atropos (cuts life thread)
99
Q

Who is Posideon? (5)

A
  • Father of the sea, ruler
  • Depicted similarly to Zeus
  • “Earth-shaker” (creates earthquakes)
  • Possibly was once the fertility god of springs
  • Mated with Demeter, symbolic union of land and sea
100
Q

Who is Oceanus?

A

Father of the nymphs

101
Q

Who is Proteus?

A
  • The shape-shifter of the sea
  • Prophet
  • Poem by Sylvia Plath
102
Q

Who/what is Hades? (2)

A
  • Brother of Zeus

- Name of the underworld

103
Q

What is Tartarus?

A

“Prison” for great offenders

104
Q

What is Charon?

A

The ferryman who takes souls acorss the rivers Styx (oath) and Lethe (forgetfulness) to Hades

105
Q

What is Cerberus?

A

3-headed dog monster guard of Hades

106
Q

Who is Tethys?

A

Wife of Oceanus

107
Q

Who is Pontos? (2)

A
  • Son of Gaia (no father)

- Father of Nereus

108
Q

Who is Nereus? (4)

A
  • Old wise men of the sea
  • Son of Pontos
  • Husband of Doris
  • Father of the Nereids
109
Q

What are the Nereids? (2)

A
  • The 50 sea-nymph daughters of Nereus and Doris

- Most significant: Thetis, Galatea, Amphitrite

110
Q

Who is Doris? (3)

A
  • An Oceanid
  • Wife of Nereus
  • Mother of the Nereids
111
Q

What is the prophecy surrounding Peleus, Thetis, and Achilles? (2)

A
  • Thetis was destined to have a son that was stronger than his father, so Zeus married her to Peleus
  • This reconciled Zeus and Prometheus and set him from the rock and liver-eating eagle
112
Q

Who is Polyphemus? (2)

A

A cyclops, in a later myth he is said to be the son of Posideon

113
Q

What is the love triangle involving Polyphemus, Galatea, and Acis? (2)

A
  • When Polyphemus sees Galatea and Acis together, he tears a section of a mountain and throws it at Acis to kill him
  • Acis calls out to Galatea, she transforms him into a river god to save him
114
Q

Posideon and Amphitrite (3)

A
  • Have a son named Triton; a merman
  • Often depicted blowing into a conch shell in paintings
  • Trumpeter of the sea
115
Q

What is Posideon associated with?

A

Bulls and horses

116
Q

Scylla, Posideon, Amphitrite

A
  • Posideon made an advance on Scylla
  • Amphitrite was jealous and threw magic herb into her bath
  • Scylla became a monster with dog heads
117
Q

Who is Charybdis?

A

A sea monster

118
Q

What are the Harpies?

A

Bird-like creatures with the faces of women; cause strong winds and peril to sailors

119
Q

What are the Graeae?

A

3 sisters that share one eye and one tooth

120
Q

What are the Gorgons?

A
  • 3 goddesses that turn men to stone

- Stheno, Euryale, Medusa

121
Q

How are Pegasus and Chrysaor born?

A

When Perseus decapitates Medusa, they are sprung from her corpse

122
Q

Who is Ladon? What does Herakles do to him?

A
  • A dragon who stays with Hersperides

- Slews him when he stole golden apples from the garden of Hesperides

123
Q

Chrysaor and Callirhoe

A

Birth Geryon and Echidna (half nymph, half snake)

124
Q

Interpretation of sea deities

A

1) Importance of sea travel and its perils
2) The extent of travel of sea-farers Jason and Odysseus
3) Imaginative stories, exciting adventures

125
Q

What do character choices, storylines, and endings often do in popular culture?

A

Postulate an ironic, satirical, and critical glance at contemporary identities and issues

126
Q

What is the meaning of “hero” in the context of popular culture?

A

Honour, social good, or justice

127
Q

Star Trek vs. The Odyssey (2)

A
  • Similar goals and journeys
  • The heroic pattern of leaving the known world, journeying into the unknown, facing problems, vanquishing the monsters with the goal of having a better understanding of humankind
128
Q

Democratization of the concept of the hero (3)

A
  • The entire crew makes up one hero by working together
  • Exhibiting the best of American ideals
  • They free themselves from the world of the irrational; from magic, oracles, and belief in gods
129
Q

How does Captain Kirk embody classical heroic qualities? (2)

A
  • He is courageous, clever, resourceful

- His actions are for the communal good rather than individual glory

130
Q

Lieutenant Caroline Palamas is faced with a decision, what does she decide?

A

Humanity, like Odysseus

131
Q

“Mankind has no need for gods” (2)

A
  • Without love and worship, Apollo fades away

- No need for gods means faith in humanity as fostering and furthering human progress and development

132
Q

Atlas by Lucille Clifton (6)

A
  • Atlas describing what it’s like to have the weight of the world on his shoulders
  • “Used to the way my thumb slips into the sea”
  • Fires: “flesh burning”
  • Working: “sweating”
  • New life: “bearing young”
  • Necessity: “carry it like a poor man learns to carry everything”
133
Q

Prometheus by Emery George (4)

A
  • About Prometheus defying the gods and giving humans fire
  • He expects humans to do good with it (to cook)
  • People start using it for the wrong reasons (e.g. atomic bombs, weapons)
  • When everything has been destroyed God will be reinstated
134
Q

Europa by Derek Walcott (5)

A
  • Debunking the myth of Europa and Zeus as a sex story
  • Discussing white people taking over the Caribbean (poet from St. Lucia)
  • Bitter tone
  • Zeus disguised as the animal he is associated with, the bull
  • Beach scene
135
Q

Alcmene by Yannis Ritsos (4)

A
  • Myth of Alcmene and Zeus
  • Alcmene cheated on her mortal husband with Zeus and cannot return to sleeping with a mortal man after sleeping with a god
  • She waits for his unlikely return
  • Demonstration of the power of the gods
136
Q

Ganymede by W. H. Auden (2)

A
  • Zeus trying to seduce Ganymede without force

- Ganymede is only interested in war and killing

137
Q

The Search by Rita Dove (3)

A
  • Demeter’s grief after the murder of Persephone
  • Other women don’t understand and think she has let herself go since she no longer styles her hair
  • She keeps walking down the path by the river despite winter coming
138
Q

Daphne with Her Thighs in Bark by Eavan Boland

A

She has been transformed into a laurel tree to avoid getting chased by Apollo

ENG 201 (2 decks)

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