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Food and Water Borne Diseases > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

++Spore forming bacteria
Preformed toxin in rice= stat vom
Cereals & dried foods
Salt tolerant, wide temp range, alkaline

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2
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

—spore forming bacteria
Guillain-barre- LPS mimics gangliosides
Environmentally fragile but big abx resister
Can be found in healthy animals but not commensal to humans (no asymptomatic human carriage)
Incubation 2-5 hrs, bloody diarrhea
NEEDS 5% O2

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3
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

++spore forming bacteria

Die when frozen

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4
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

++spore forming bacteria
No antibodies it kills you too fast
Home canning & baby honey
Preformed toxin, strictly anaerobic (could still grow on that shipping container) boil that shit (if in acid, can boil less)
Prevented by sodium nitrite which turns meat red but babies blue

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5
Q

Escheria coli

A 
—vegetative bacteria 
Aerobe & facult anaer, commensal
Infx dose <10 cells, 0.5-2 microns
Sensitive to heat but resistant to acid 
Petting zoos &amp; ground beef 
Enterohemorrhagic EHEC= HUS kidney failures &amp; seizures, TTP (STEC) bloody diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic ETEC= travelers
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6
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

—vegetative bacteria Legonairres disease & Pontiac fever- flu with PNA
Water reservoirs, 10% fatality
Philadelphia outbreak inhalation
Sensitive to heat & chlorine

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7
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

++ vegetative bacteria
Rare but deadly, likes the cold 4•
Resistant to acid & salt
Crosses placenta, meningitis, Septicemia, encephalitis. intracellular moves thru actin

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8
Q

Salmonella Enteritidis

A

—vegetative bacteria
Eggs & turtles, raw dog food, can hang out on dry foods like chocolate- susceptible to heat but resistant to freezing & drying
Very environmentally adaptable
1-2 days

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9
Q

Salmonella typhii & paratyphii

A

—vegetative bacteria
10% fatality
Onset 1-3 weeks, fever & anorexia
Anaer & aer

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10
Q

Shigella dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei

A

—vegetative bacteria
Waterborne af, does not survive pH <4.5
Mucus & bloody diarrhea, anal tremors
Humans only carriers- daycares & cruise ships
Infective dose just ten cells “bacillary dysentery”

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11
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

—vegetative bacteria
Toxin resistant to heat & stomach enzymes
.5-6 hrs incubation
Less than 1mcg infx dose, likes to grow in the cold!

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12
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

—vegetative bacteria

60% fatality; food & bev, ricewater stools

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13
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A

—vegetative bacteria

Halophilic, marine, can grow in alkaline conditions

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14
Q

Vibrio vulnificus

A 
—vegetative bacteria 
Most severe, fatality >50% (alcoholics who eat oysters) gastroenteritis or sepsis 
If immunocomp, wounds exposed to water
Can survive super cold 
Infx dose <100
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15
Q

Calicivirus- Noro

A

Virus - ssRNA & naked
SMOL 0.03 microns with tiny infectious dose
6-12 hrs incubation, diverse af, cruise ships. Sensitive to chlorine. Think American vandal

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16
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Virus- ssRNA & naked
Lifelong immunity, vaccine
Very environmentally tough- stable at low temps and low pH

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17
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Virus- ssRNA & naked

No sequelae, pigs, fatal in preg women

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18
Q

Rotavirus

A

Virus- DsRNA & naked

Kids, vaccine doesn’t work well in tropical areas

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19
Q

Adenovirus

A

DsDNA, naked. Toughest virus, takes more uv light to kill because repairs DNA. Causes all waterborne conjunctivitis

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20
Q

Giardia

A

Protozoa
Large & filterable
Can withstand chlorination, susceptible to heat
Wilderness
Infx dose one cyst. Trophs=upper small intestine. 50% asymptomatic. Fatty & smells bad

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21
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum/Hominis

A

No kryptonite! Can’t filter tiny eggs, Milwaukee, resistant to chlorination- pools & spas. Very zoonotic.
3 microns
Killed by conventional cooking

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22
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

CATS- mice not afraid. Mild flu then stays in muscles. Sensitive to heat, 50% ppl have antibodies (exposed). Causes abortions

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23
Q

Trichinella

A

Pork & game, also goes to muscles

Sensitive to freezing

24
Q

Agent factors

A

Psychro=cold (lister, ecoli, staph) and thermo (taq poly)

Most to least resistant to environmental degradation= parasites, enteric viruses, vegetative bacteria

25
Ethnic host factors
Japan- vibrio parahem | Eskimo & México- botulism
26
Environmental factors | Temp sensitivity
Least to most temp sensitive- fungi, gram pos, gram neg, viruses, Aw- bacteria, yeast, mold. CO2 reduces growth because both o2 and pH.
27
Tetrodotoxin
Intoxication. Neuro, puffer fish, fugu. Paralysis resp distress and hypotension.
28
Scromboid
Intoxication. Histamine poisoning- esp tuna. Must chill fish immediately, never let warm. Most common. Immediate- 30 min, tingling, rash, n/v/d
29
Ciguatera
Intoxication. From dinoflagellates (microalgae {harmful algal bloom comes from too many nutrients. Suffocate fish and wipe out fish farm}), most in big old fish (fat deposits) not affected by temp or acid. N/v/d, vertigo, chills, arrhythmia, hypotension
30
Shellfish toxin (diarrheic, neurotoxic, amnesic, paralytic)
Also dinoflagellates, heat stable. PSP <2hrs, fatal
31
Water measures
``` Turbidity= cloudiness, nephelometric turb units pH= acid disinfects but corrodes pipes Temp= cold takes longer ```
31
International alternatives
(1) slow sand- schmutzdecke, only get liters per day (2) solar combines heat & UV (3) chlorine vessels (CDC SWS- treatment, storage, and behavior change) (4) coag floc with chlorine (PUR)
32
Removal potential from water
Most bacteria, then viruses, then Protozoa
33
Milwaukee 3 mistakes
1) changed to polyaluminum chloride 2) tested in the summer 3) reused backwash
34
Drinking water treatment | Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation
C- alum+++ | Take off bottom and sent as sewage
35
Drinking water treatment Filtration
Rapid sand filtration- coal & sand bed. Frequent backwash necessary due to buildup. Activated carbon (tortuous pores, made by heat and steam) can even remove pesticides. Low pressure membrane filtration- different size holes, reverse osmosis tightest but micro is reasonable. Fiber membrane bundles
36
Drinking water treatment | Disinfection
“To such a level that disease can not be detected” options are -chlorine (DBPs) -ozone ($$, no residual, put oxygen across an electrode and produce an o3 radical and bubble through water- rips apart) -UV (no residual, interfered by dissolved solids, prevents replication in nucleus) C= amount of disinfectant T= time Low CT= strong disinfectant
37
Drinking water treatment | Distribution
Pressure changes and biofilm
38
Waste water treatment | Primary treatment
Take out debris & sediment, lipids float to top. Grit chamber & bars etc
39
Waste water treatment | Secondary
Sludge & solids go into anaerobic acidophilic bacteria eat the organic stuff into acids, methane, CO2. Press water out and that sludge can get eaten by cows Microorganisms also chew up organic matter in aerobic chamber
41
Waste water treatment | Tertiary
Sand filter, chlorinate, dechlorinate
42
SSO
sanitary sewer overflows Waste pipes are not pressurized the system is 30-100 years old Ppl poop 500 grams/day= 1 billion (9 zeroes) noroviruses... think of 10-20 poops a day
43
Three prongs of investigation
Epidemiological, clinical (identify victims and source, tested with ELISA for igg to noro then RT-pcr analysis) environmental (source of pathogen- from harvesters vomiting off board)
44
Detection of viruses
Environmental- cell culture. EM & immunoassay- need stool sample. RT-PCR heat stable but unsure if dead or nah Whole genome sequencing= even better than PCR
45
HACCP
Hazard analysis critical control point - an alternative preventative system of quality control, involved complete control over raw materials, process, environment, personnel, distribution, and storage
46
Clean water act
1972 To protect navigable waterways and then clean drinking water. Two parts- first says to cities & industries to prevent pollution (TMDLs) Second gives money to waste treatment plants. Prevent HABs from too many nutrients (fertilizer)
47
NSSP
National shellfish sanitation project (because rich ppl care about the oysters) involves FDA, state, and shellfish industry. Oysters must grow in clean water, depurate, and tag. Downfall= only bacteria focused
48
SDWA
1974 Authorizes EPA to regulate 91 contaminants in water. Includes either a MCL=maximum contaminant level or TT= treatment technique and MRDL=maximum residual disinfectant levels Primary standards- microorgs, DBP, inorganic chems, synthetic org chems, radionuclides Secondary- metals, odor, chloride, sulfate Publish consumer confidence reports
50
Disinfectant scale
1- low pressure membranes (filtration) | 2- ozone, 3- chlorine dioxide/ free chlorine (chemicals, tied) 4- UV 5- granular media (filter) 6- chloramines suck
51
International difficulties
Transport- distribution, pressure, freeloaders Storage= open containers/biofilm, dippers, vectors Can boil but burns/pollution
52
Pb As Hg toxicities
Transplacenta | Cancer, <3 disease, immunotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, neurotoxicity, nephropathy
53
LEAD
Not naturally occurring but comes in (1) occupational, (2) environmental, (3) waste & (4) water Reported in ug/dl=ug/100g. Adults 10ug, kid 5ug= ELE^
54
MERCURY
Bioaccumulation from methyl (fish & ayurveda)
55
ARSENIC
naturally occurring but also anthropogenic (industry & farming)
56
What are metals?
They are elements- their ultimate sources are geologic and they aren’t degraded or detoxified Transported & accumulated within ecosystems Bioavailability= molecular form, particle size, and solvency
57
Cuperation
Recovering lead from earth

Food and Water Borne Diseases (2 decks)

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