MIDTERM Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
In what conditions (history and ideology) did anthropology emerge ?
A
- The height of colonialism - much of the world under Western control
- Social Darwinism
- Racial and Culture supremacy of Europeans accepted, Non-Europeans may not have believed it buy did not have power to say so
2
Q
What are the main insight gained from the discourse perspective ?
A
- Development is flawed because the problems it seeks to resolve aren’t always real
- Development discourse is a cynical and empowering theory
3
Q
What is the anthropology OF development ? What does it look at ?
A
-Pure branch - try to understand the social and cultural impacts of development projects of people
‘Anthropology of Development’ considered a distinct sub-field, like Legal anthropology, medical
anthropology, or others.
- examining how individual’s lives were changed when development actors arrived in communities
4
Q
When did many large NGOs emerge, in what context ? What are they often called though, why ?
A
- In post-war period, when there was enthusiasm for international cooperation/Strong global leadership ethic
- Often called “neocolonial”. Set rules for international law and commerce, sometimes against the interests of the Global South
5
Q
The range of technologies (factories, rail roads) developed during the ________ period were _______ but were also ________
A
industrialization
revolutionary
tools for colonization
6
Q
What is the other most important tool in antrhopology? From who did it emerge? In what era?
A
Feild Work
Bronislaw Malinowsky
Colonialism
7
Q
What does studying buzzwords allow ?
A
Studying buzzword helps its track change in development policy and discourse
8
Q
What does the cutlure of development expert mean in terms of local economy ?
A
When a country has a very big development sector- attractive to NGOs and projects, this can be very good for the economy of cities because they people coming bring spending power and jobs and everything- BUT they raise the price of living for the rest of the population. Especially in the UN involved cities.
9
Q
Why is “3rd wolrd” a problematic term ?
A
Groups diverse places and peoples into on powerless category that needs help
10
Q
What emerged during thee Enlightenment ?
A
The idea of “development” emerged.
11
Q
Which ideology prevaled Western thought by the 1870?
A
Social Darwinism
belief that Hunan societies as they progress, they became more modern more specialized and evolved and western societies believed to be further down this path
12
Q
What is the perspective of modernization theory towards development ?
A
-Optimistic: assumes that all societies eventually experience development, if they try
-It suggested that this process of development (industrial, urban.. ) is the one and only way
-Development as intrinsically good; benefits self-evident ,assumed that working more “Modernly” was desirable
13
Q
Depict a case of project failure. In which book and by who was it depicted?
A
James Ferguson, the Anti-Politics machine
- In the 80s, the World Bank wanted farmers in Lesotho sell their cattle to access cash
- Cattle act like banks in some culture - a way to store value for the future (no decreasing value, milk, safe)
- World Way wanted to modernize the economy
- World Bank offered farmers other ways to keep their money. Banks would allow farmers to grow savings, invest
- World Bank offered cash for their cows- in the hope of stimulating the economy
- But the farmers did not want money to buy consumers goods. In Lesotho, cows were status symbols. People wanted cows
- Bovine Mystique - over a long period of time, cows became status symbols (in contrary to a large house in the north), cattle were not only a source a money, they were a source of prestige/wealth.
- Participants blamed for laziness , ignorance. But sometimes, there are good reasons why people resist projects
- The WB could not figure out why this failed. Ferguson told them.
- People wanted to be rich so that they could have cows.
- The plan of the World Bank, could not work because they were not able to accommodate culture beliefs since the whole premise of the project was to take something from the community into something else.
14
Q
The West has been _________ for centuries
A
the global political and economic hegemony
15
Q
Anthropologists often sceptical of projects, why ? What do they observe?
A
- Today, development is synonym our with failure, wasted money, exploitations, damaged environment, social disruption
- *-Reason:** development projects sometimes rely on social engineering: attempt to change behaviour and idea on a large scale
16
Q
Why is “how to employ people trained in anthropology” is a growing issue ?
A
Skill sets too special so anthropologist employees in places where they maybe should not because no other choice. Which can be dangerous because anthropology knowledge can be very powerful
17
Q
What was the mostn significant impact of liberalism in development? What is it?
A
Audit Culture : idea that money has to be spent extremely carefully, no waste of spill of money for the money spend in development.
18
Q
What happened to former colonies after WW2, what did this lead to?
A
- education and measures had empowered colonized people to organized themselves for independence
- Dozens of independent countries emerged (emerging as free with new leaders who desired the same standards of living that European enjoyed
19
Q
Depict the Enlightenment in terms of values. Which disciplines flourished ?
A
“Reason”, “common sense”, “empirical inquiry”, “exploration”, “discovery”
Free debate, invention , creativity - Astronomy, anatomy and philosophy flourished
20
Q
What was anthropology an ally of in the 60s? Who was a major player?
A
- In the 60s, anthropology recognized as ally of sexual revolution, civil rights and feminist movements
- Margaret Meade among first scientist to describe sed a “natural”, “universal”. That other cultures are not a repressed than America. Radical idea in 60s America
21
Q
By what was the division of labor in development shaped?
A
Euro ideas
22
Q
What is Orientalism ? What was its effect ?
A
Orientalism is a trend Said observed in Western art and literature since 1700s
It portrayed the orient as dangerous, mysterious implying that -If the orient remained an uncivilized place, European supremacy was unthreatened.
23
Q
What remains anthropology driving question?
A
- to what extend are all humans different ? And to extend are humans the same ?
- The tension between the universal and the particular had been immensely productive in anthropology.
24
Q
Who is Cecils Rhodes ? What did his project imply ? What did the poster imply ?
A
- Cecil Rhodes sought to build railroad across Africa
- “look what we can do” “look at the power that I have” , “spectacular”
- no information of the actual reasons for the infrastructure its about demonstrating imperial magnificence, cultural and political propaganda.
25
How did some see the end of the cold war ? What actually happened ?
- “the end of history”- some believed the world would be simpler then on (-Now that the power were not competing- everybody could get on more easily )
- Some thought capitalism and democracy could prevail everywhere
On the contrary, the 90s was a difficult decade in the Global South
26
Why is WEF criticized ?
Often large carbon footprints. Frequent travel for conferences.
A lot of time and energy is spent by these “humanitarians”.
Should we trust the world’s richest and most powerful to help the poor?
27
28
In Modernization theory, development involves overcoming _______ and solving \_\_\_\_\_
barriers
problems
29
What are the roots of "women in development"
Esther Boserup’s “ Feminization of subsistence” in the early 70s was a landmark
Nordic countries were early adopters of gender initiatives in international development
Feminist movements in global north played a role
UN Decade for women (1975-85)- Changes in how gender was approached
30
What is a huge issue in the development sector ? How does it manifest?
Not all jobs are created equal. Very common for UN to have 2 types of salary (residence vs expat) - if a Kenyan person works for them, they will get a lot less money (even if more experience) than an expatriate , 100 000$/year VS 10 000$/year.
In order for development to succeed, the work place where it is planned needs to be an open space with little barriers - the inequality in pay is a huge problem
31
What did Charles Darwin’s “origin of species” (1859) propose ?
-Proposed that species improve over time, in terms of bodies but also minds and social organizations.
32
In Dependency ideology, develompent is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A new form of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They argue it is a ______ for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Neocolonial
Extraction
Disguise for global capitalism
33
What are leading buzzwords today ?
Today “entrepreneurialism” , “innovations” and “trust” are leading buzzword
34
Depict the premise of enlightenment thinking.
Enlightenment thinking : there is such as right and wrong and humans can easily tell the difference (safe in the assumption that European style of thinking was the right way, and any other were uncivilized)
35
What controversial questions come into play within antrhopology ?
- Does anthropologist truly know things about people that others don’t ?
- Do they want a mediator or get it directly ? Why hire a privilege outsider ?
- Should anthropologist be applied at all? By whom? When, where and how?
36
How were societies without reason considered ? What oppostion did it create ?
-Societies “without reason” were considered “barbaric”, “uncivilized”, “primitive” or “savage”
Civilized and uncivilized opposition became important, still plays an important role today
37
What was women's role before colonialism?
Before colonialism, women were leaders in trade and agricultural production- especially in Africa
38
What did Cecils Rhodes claim ?
“I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. I contend that every acre added to our territory means the birth of more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence. Added to this, the absorption of the greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars."
39
As a result of post-modernism thinking, scholars today are hesitant to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
diagnose and propose solutions to development “problems”
40
How does discourse apply to the "3rd world"? Who created the discourse ? What is its effect?
By referring people of the formally colonized world as “poor”, citizen of the western world gained a new idea of who these people were and that they needed help.
Truman created the idea of the 3rd world.
Symbolic actions have a reinforcing effect to the way we understand that the poor people of the world are in need of our assistance and that we have a responsibility to do so.
41
Modernization Theory says development can occur \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Development is therefore ___________________ .
anywhere and irrespective of social conditions ideologically neutral and non-political- no ultra motives; something all can agree on
42
Why did dependency theory emerge ? What does it claim ?
- Emerged directly in response to modernization
- Rather than making nations “free”, development **makes them dependent on others**. As wealthy nations began to invest in poor countries, they were **setting up these formally colonized countries to become the clients of western countries**, creating a set of industries and a set of social expectation that will guarantee that these countries would be **dependent on** and the therefore **sub-servant to Western countries**.
43
What are the product of neoliberalism ?
-“Networking”, “gig economies”, “self help”, “outsourcing”, “hustle” are all products of neoliberalism (also anxiety amongst our generation)
44
Why does most anthropologist do not fully support either modernization or dependency theory ?
Both dependency and modernization treat people as passive recipients of development. They ignore the human factor, lumping people of the 3rd world in one mass. Therefore most anthropologist do not fully support either theory.
45
What implication did communism have during the cold war era in terms of development ? What did this lead to ?
-The Truman doctrine stated that countries needed to be protected from communism- which often ended up have an undermining effect for these countries.
46
Where the strong enthusiasms for anthropologists that engages with public coming from ?
Linked to **neoliberalism** and the the need to justify spending. But ,most anthropologists agree ,making work accessible is important. Governments who fund research should demand something back, some say
47
What was Darwin's theory applied to during the 19th century ? What did this idea imply ? What idea took Root?
- to **human societies** - applying the theory to highlight the difference between different groups of people on earth
- Societies that had reached the level of success did so because they had out-smarted/out-evolved different groups of people Europeans had encountered through colonization.
- Idea that Europeans are more evolved
48
What is the box-ticking phenomenon ?
To achieve funding, development projects must fulfill a list of requirements
Sustainable, inclusive, collaborative, gender-sensitive, transparent, environment friendly, etc
If a projects is not ALL of these things, it cannot receive funding
49
Following WW2, European colonialism \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
declined
50
What does "Feminization of Subsistence” argues ? When was it published?
-Ester Boserup “Feminization of Subsistence” theory population in 1970. Argues modernist development took women out of work, confines them to home. Feminist critique of development
51
How is neoliberalism different from classical capitalism?
Different from classical capitalism in its treatment of “the individual”
Neoliberalism made economic success the business of all persons
52
How does celebrity culture attach itself to the 3rd world discourse ?
Celebrity culture has attached itself to development in significant ways - what qualifies them to be ambassador of development? Time, money, visibility ? Regardless it reinforces that “we” have the power to save the poor
53
How do most anthropologist see development
as a discourse
54
Who is Paulo Freire? What was his contribution ? What did he claim ?
Wrote Pedagogy of the oppressed
People lacked the skills and knowledge to escape poverty. Human consciousness needed expanding
Education as critical thinking rather than transfer of knowledge. Can’t be about training or skill development.
Gave birth to the critical pedagogy movement
Today, education is valued (almost) every where for development.
controversial ideas at the time but had lasting impact
55
What did modernization theory ignore for a long time?
**Gendered aspects of development**. Men and Women experience development differently. This went ignored for a long time. Ignored the different ways different people in a community would experience development differently
56
Depict the implications of the "malcontent" in modernization? What does it lead to ?
-Malcontent = disappointment in the failure of development promises.
Leads to Arab spring for example. The new growing young people wanting jobs, educations. While this lack of opporuntitu is a problem, the real problem is that a lot of people are living in disappointment which runs the risk of radical change but also conflict, disunity
57
What did the world wars reveal about colonial ambitions ?
The world wars revealed that colonial ambitions were risky (serve, protect small territory is **costly** and demands too much resources, **not worth it anymore**, the extractive economics revealing downside)
58
59
What is questioned in terms of development and effectiveness ?
Is development as impactful as it claims ?
The money is there, simply not in the place it needs to be
60
What was the golden age of anthropology in development? Why?
What did it lead to ?
- The 70s-80s- considered a Golden Age (because enthusiasm of intra state development and the potential impact of knowledge on projects) for development anthropology; worked closely with communities; enjoyed respect from (some) policy makers
- Anthros climbed the ladders of development. By the 1990s, they were insider
61
Who was the "real founder" of antrhopology ?
Franz Boas
62
Which big development body was the first to recruit anthropologists? What was their role of anthropologist within it? What was the mentality behind it ?
- USAID- first development body to recruit anthros in 70s. UK department for international Development used a social development adviser also.
- Detailed, quantitative, people -centred data could help make development efforts more effective. Anthros did surveys, impact assessments made recommendations
- Not dealing with countries, but people- How can we understand our partners better ?
63
Why is there tension between anthropologist and development thinker?
Tension between anthropologist and development thinker because the dev process implies “bettering off” and a staring point of “better” society belong another “inferior”
64
From who originated cutlural relativism ? What is it ? What did he argue ?
-**Franz Boas**
- **The doctrine that cultures are different, but equal. Each has its own inner logic**
- Says that it is scientifically absurd to rank cultures on a scales. Anti-evolutionist
- Equal in their difference
- Boas recognized that Western culture would seem absurd to non-Western person**s. Cultures must be studied without judgement**, he argued
65
Depict the premise of modernism
Modernism: There is such thing as right and wrong, but humans will struggle to tell the difference
66
What issue comes at play because of box-ticking ?
**Issue of Add-On.** “You forgot the gender! No worries. We’ll just add it
Once the whole thing is planned- you’ll had something on, great idea but if you genuinely want to add an issue on- you need to do it a level that is fundamental, core value.
In having to fulfill all the requirements, it takes away the ability of actors to be able to do any of these single things effectively
67
In the new age of independence, African, Asian, and Latin American nations were ________________ , but, most countries had ____________ and were \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
free to pursue their own goals
weak infrastructures
socially divided
68
What did the end of the cold war result in the global south ? (give two examples)
- Vacuum of NATO and Soviet support gave rise to many conflicts
War to oust Mobutu (who took over after Lumumba was killed) from Congo often called “Africa’s World War”. Deadliest conflict since WW2 (over 5M killed)
Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Somalia, East Timor, Sri Lanka, Nepal , Chiapas, Afghanistan - All rooted in the poverty and alienation of citizens
69
What is the root of the truman doctrine? What was the intent ?
- In 1949, the USA declared support for new sovereign nations of the world
- Countries would be aided or sped up on the path to national development
- The USA and allies will “make the benefits of out scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas”- Truman
70
What is "culture"?
- Culture originated from the Latin “colere” meaning to cultivate
- “Culture is the sorties we tell ourselves about ourselves”-Clifford Geertz
- What we understand our purpose to be, where do we look for guidance
- “Gives life meaning”, “provides identity”, “shapes how we see and interact with others”
- Every society and person in the world has culture. Never more, never less
- Culture cannot be strictly defined
71
In Natural Selection ideology could Non-Euros develop too ?
Yes but they were behind on the evolutionary scale - which made Euros superior
72
Today we recognize that poverty is not only a \_\_\_\_\_\_. what does that mean? what do we now look at ?
“third world problem”
- opposing the view of the Truman doctrine that “the global north got it all”. Poverty is not simple a 3rd world problem.
- Black lives Matters; Idle no More; Occupy Wall Street; #MeToo- all development concerns
- Migrant crises in USA, Mediterranean
- Migration, housing, unemployment; opioid crisis, global demographic change, mental health
73
Why are a lot of locals frustrated with development expert culture?
A lot of locals/citizens are frustrated when they see their job opportunity go to someone from outside the country
74
What is neoliberalism? What did it promote concretly ? What did it promote in terms of ideas?
Economic trend, social trend and Ideology that concerned society, it concerned the way people lived their lives and engaged with the economy, making decision form an economic logic, thinking of what they can do to for the economy.
-Low taxes, free trade, small governments, etc.
- Neoliberalism made **economic success the business of all persons**
- People would take capitalism home with them- make it a part of their **social life**
- Zero-sum- the logic that in order to such others must be beaten. Flourishing **hyper-competitio**n.Trump is the master of this.
75
Who was the Elite in post-colonial states ? What did they believe?
- All former colonies had elites- many educated in Europe or served in colonial armies (people that had been advantaged and empowered by colonizers elite)
- Many elites believed in enlightenment logos; Defining progress was not the problem, rather the lack of freedom to pursue it.
- The elite were for “development” but they did not have the ability to take on the leadership of these systems- they wanted to build a more prosperous future
- All wanted better lives for their people, but each faced unique challenges
76
What are concerns in terms of the new aid (2)?
* Investment is needed, but corruption, human rights, climate change are concerns.
* Are the poor being helped or made into consumers?
77
As the Enlightenment unfolded, the human experience was now valued as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a source of new knowledge.
78
In the mid 1800s, scientist begun analyzing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Why ? How would that process be called ?
data of primitive peoples
Cultures were disappearing (sign of the colonial process working well) and scientist did not want it to stop but were still interested, as scientist, they therefore agreed their should documented before this happened (because of the aim of assimilation of colonialism).
Salvage anthropology
79
How did many see antrhopology in relation to colonialism? What is one consequence of that ?
Anthropology was sometimes called the “handmaiden of colonialism” - made each other possible, supported each other, where one went, the other followed
-Some African scholars claim this is why anthropology is unpopular in African university, especially
80
What terminologies were born out of the cold war ? What are their implication and relevance ?
* *-First World**- democratic nations (USA, Canada, Australia…)
* *-Second World**- Soviet and communist states
- **Third World**- formally colonized countries where both sides sought influence
Continue to shape social understanding of the world- though the division of the globe into socio-economic categories has problems, we must recognize the structural advantages/disadvantages shaping our world
81
Who is Patrice Lumumba? What was his situation ? What did it demonstrate ?
The leaders who assumed control and responsibility face some huge predicaments, balance tradition with the elite’s values. Lumumba for example, he was fought over, both powers offering him many things in the hope of securing their power. A lot of post colonial leaders were “sold” but Lumumba expressed general concerns and made difficult demands for both powers, he wanted a good deal for his people. But the USA got frustrated with Lumumba, afraid he would side with the communists, they killed him.
82
What is post-development? Where did study move ?
Assumption that progress should or must be led by the Global North has been rejected
Issues of Development are visible everywhere- studies have moved beyond the confines of projects and NGOs
83
According to discourse theory, what are moral perceptions shaped by ?
Our moral perceptions are shared by the messages we hear in everyday life.
84
What are the critiques of WID ?
WID spoke of women in **isolation**. Little concern for gender relations. Women as actors that existed in isolation
Attached women’s value to **economic production** - if that potential not met , it is a problem
**WID’s fiercest critics: women from Global south**; WID reflected preoccupations of Western feminists (not representative of the actual concerns of the Sout
85
What are buzzwords ? What do they evoke ? How do they emerge ?
terms in which different people can see their own interest reflected
Buzzwords evoke power, strength, progress, change. Positivity without specificity
Emerge organically; absorbed by institutions, individuals. Shared by development orgs, institutions large and small
86
During the golden ago of anthro in development, what was anthro seen as ?
Belief that detailed, quantitative, people -centred data could help make development efforts more effective
87
What is a controversy in the politics of anthropology ?
-Controversy as to who and why we should apply anthropology ? Should knowlege be used or shared ?
88
What happened to the extracted ressources in colonialism? Why was extration justifiable in colonial logic ?
- Natural resources and agricultural products were transferred from colonies to EU, Wealth generated was returned to the metropole
- colonized people had no use for resources; laborers worked for a greater cause
89
Who often looked to anther for info useful in governing? What did that imply?
Colonial regimes
-Anthropologists worked in land management, tribal governance, langue research, and in the training colonial staff
90
Most anthropologists say it is their duty to mediate knowledge, not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
to hand it over
91
What is the book Expectations of Modernity: Myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian Copperbelt a study of? What did J.F. look at?
**-Study of globalization , growth but also failed expectations**
-He spent several years working closely among a community of Cooper miners in Zambia which in the neoliberal move was experiencing significant investment in their Cooper industries so for a time there was of job opportunities and optimism (feeling that development had arrived, they were going upward) BUT they found that their rise to development soon hit a very firm ceiling, they were getting paid far less, the conditions and services were not so good - the Cooper industry was not gonna change their lives in the way they thought. Which led to a lot of people living in unsanitary areas where substance abuse and diseases were growing. Effectively works in a specific area but talk about how the global forces impact this community.
**The workers are shaped by traditions but at the asme time, these lives are affected by policies made in new-york, London , markets.**
92
What did neoliberalism imply in the global south? for its habitants ?
- Poor become “entrepreneurs”; must invest in their own future
- Empowering for some. Constraining for others
- Modern development is not “helping people” but rather “helping people to help themselves”
- “Empowerment” and “entrepreneurship” are very two words present in development
93
What did the end of the cold war conincide with? As a result of what and why?
The rise of neoliberalism
A response to the rising strength of labor unions in USA and Europe in the 1970s
Forces of capitalism began to feel treathen and uneasy - so measures had to be taken to protect capitalism
94
Anthropology has became more focused and sensitive to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. How?
ethical issues
- New generation of anthropologists is more diverse. More women, but also many anthros from the Global South
- Imperative to break the barriers between researcher and subject - rejected the idea that anthropologist can be a totally objective figure.
95
What did Western states do in addition to funding NGOs? When?
Western states created their own development bodies in 1960s
96
What would Boas do in terms of performance?
Boas would perform dances he learnt back in communities which was at the time completely unprecedented. Now would be problematic but at the time, due to the limitations, he was making an important point
97
During Colonialism, what did empires do? how what basis? what did this lead to ?
- **empires discriminated among groups** (European using existing superior chiefs to create links or capture people, incentify people to work with them to help them achieve their economic goals )
- Use existing divisions and rivalries to serve their own needs
- "More evolved" people were considered better investment but often, the “more evolved” groups simply looked more like Europeans (example, hutu, tutsi, twa)
- Hardening divisions
98
What do some say in terms of anthropology and activism?why?
-Some say activism in anthro should be embraced -an honest reflection of the contradictions people face in real life.
99
Where did foundational anthropology work occured? By who? What was it ?
-Foundational work occurred among the Iroquois in present-day New York State by Lewis Henry Morgan
100
What did modernization theorists thought development would do in terms of nation identities? What happened instead ?
- Thought it would transform people of Asia, Africa, Latin America into recognizable “Western” persons
- Ethnicity was supposed to give way to new nations identities
- What kind of new people and society has development produced instead ? Congo dandies
101
What are the potential issues and dilemmas when it comes to activist anthropology?
- Risks endorsing political movements that use violent tactics, for example
- Political motives can alienate participants and prevent anthros from understanding full context. Creates tension w/funding bodies, universities.
102
During colonization, what were Education , healthcare, Christianity seen as ?
tools for improvement
103
Which logic is modernization theory follwing ? Which on is it moving from ?
- Following logic of evolutionism and the enlightenment
- With the move away from “humans are perfect” to a need to explore and improve and build
104
In which structures did the ideas of natural selection played well?
-this idea played really well and fed structures such as **residential schools**
105
What is the new aid ?
•New countries are entering the development game (Gulf States, South Korea, Russia, have their own development programs)
\*Chinese investment in Africa totals billions each year.
* Private philanthropy; Bill Gates gives US $30 billion.
* Funds for Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Horn of Africa driven by ‘war on terror.’ Fears that poor will turn to terrorism
106
What is activist anthropology ? What is its goal ?
A more radical form of Public anthropology. Anthropologist take sides
Research projects are designed with the input of participants, in an attempt to effect a specific public or policy responses
107
What implication did democracy have in the cold era in terms of development ?
Democracy was seen as a prerequisite for development. This “freedom” (recognizable for the USA) was necessary for development-Democracy as a “gift”
People who lack recognizable democracy have often been seen as poor in Western eyes
108
Who is E.E. Evans Pritchard ? what did he work on ? What did argue? What situation did he find himself in?
- Student of Malonwski
- In 1926, he began fieldwork in Sudan, then a British territory
- First European to do long-terms duelled among Azande and Nuer people
- Made groundbreaking discoveries. He was able to explain to his colleagues back in Europe how people organized, enforced law, religions beliefs, etc
- Contributor to legal anthropology
- Argued that Azande and Nuer cultures were as intricate and sophisticated as those in Europe
- His studies were funded by the UK government, entitling them access to their result
- Britain wanted to use his data to control. Sudanese people more effectively
- His information was super useful for people wanted to turn their into a colonial workforce, army or simply control them
- EEEP was worried, but what choice did he have ?
109
Practicing anthropology when ________ can be very controversial
control in at play
110
What did audit culture imply ? What did it lead to in terms of anthropology ?
-All expenditure, had to be justified- harder to do with anthropological knowledge.
- Anthros in development claim they were tuned into managers and bookkeepers
- Work became more data-entered, less qualitative, less concerned with people
- Anthros continues to work in development, but many say then arenas their skills to full effect
- Work became more data-entered, less qualitative, less concerned with people
111
Who is the most well-known activist anthropologists ? Depict its involvement.
David Graeber, works in the study of economies (debts and their social and cultural impacts ) he became a leader of the occupy wall street movement, credited as having coined the term “ we are the 99%” , work he was doing within the movement was informed by Marxism, he was mobilizing his students , he was visible in the media, his Yale employer became unhappy with him (too much time away ? Against institutions like Yale? ) and he lost his job, this firing, to him, represented an attack on his freedom but some other thought that he had lost his objectivity because he stepped in. Loss of objectivity (instead of striving for cultural relativism) in aligning himself very firmly with the victim of capitalism, becoming too bias against the structures of capitalism (which have logic regardless). Caused many problems, he took people down with him.
112
In attaining reason, European societies felt justified \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
in colonizing and judging others
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During colonization, belief circulated that colonized people could be\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Thats is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**made european**
-helped or sped up along the evolutionary scale,
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What did cultural relativism bring to the table for the first time ?
-Brought, for the first time, the time that primitive people would of been just as shocked and confused by the culture of Europeans as they Europeans were shocked by primitive culture.
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What was the big challenged faced by former colonies on their route to indepence ?
But they faced structural challenges and barriers to development because of the bureaucracies were not built to serve and develop independence, they were made for exploitation
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Anthropologist argue the modern era of development was born with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What did that imply ?
Truman Doctrine
This era began with America deciding to perform an “act of help” by delivering modernity, technology, the image of a successful developed society.
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what is an everyday life example of discourse ?
gender terminology restricting gender identities.
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How does development deal with critique ?
changing the discourse, changing the buzzwords
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Where have anthropologist have been most active in development ?
Large NGOs are
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What was Malinowski experience? What did it lead to?
- In 1914, Bronislaw Malinowski went to study in New-Guinea, controlled by Britain
- When the first world war began, he was stranded there for four years
- Learned native language; collected unprecedented amount of data
- He had learned more than any other
- Participated in the everyday life of the people he studied. Very odd at the time.
- Produced many books containing vast insight on culture of Trobriand Islanders
- Malinowski established long-term field work as a requirement for anthropologists (participating in the everyday life of the people that you study)
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Some anthropologist argues that development was bad for ______ for years
gender relations
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What do anthropologits do in "development projects"? what do they believe ?
- Anthros survey the human terrain and gauge whether a plan will work
- Sometimes combined with academic anthros research
-Anthros often believe that well-planned projects can improve lives
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What were popular buzzwords ?
“Empowerment” “gender” “participation” were leading buzzwords in the past
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How is development seen in modernization theory? What does that imply ?
As evolution, movement towards more complex, modern society - societies will “adapt” and evolve
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What is the "culture of development experts"? How do locals see them?
Tend of thousand of non-africans live in Kenya to work in development. Economic footprint is massive.Some critics say development provides exciting, low-accountability work for privilege westerners. A lot of crazy consumption going on while they try to solve inequality.
Some Kenyans say they’re parasites
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What is the language of the development industry and its community ? How is it ?
Developmentspeak
elastic - it adapts to obstacles
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What usually happen when social engineering occurs?
-People tend to resist social engineering. The benefits are not evident. And so force is used
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Give an example of anthropolgy in a development project?
-McGill’s Richard Salisbury’s study of a hydro-electric project in Northern Quebec for example (Government undertaking large project implying improvements (projects making total sense in terms of capitalism) for the whole society. They wanted to know how the Cree were seeing the projects so they hired anthropologist to make recommendations based on the Cree to make the project better- also allowed Salisbury to gather knowledge in terms of the impact of development projects on indigenous communities, insight into social process going on)
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When did western civilization come into being ? Under which form ?
500 BC to 400 AD
Roman Empire
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Depict the 1300-1600 AD Western Civilization.
**Renaissance**
## Footnote
- Rediscovery of Greco-Roman philosophy. Religious began to loosen
- Wanting to reinvigorate ideas of the Roman philosophies to improve themselves
- Humanism : concern with state of humans living on earth , shifting focus from the afterlife concerns
- Flower of liberalism began to bloom, “rebirth”
- The return of European cultural supremacy, people believed
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What does they downward mobility among millennials in Global North implies ?
Influence the future of charity ?
Are people interested in helping others if their own sense of fortune diminishes? (For those of us who grew up in middle upper class, our parent’s generation were large donors to charity (more disposable income). These organizations/charities are experiencing crisis because they were used to getting a lot of income for donations which our generation can’t provide anymore, the contributors are not being replaced because of financial issues and skepticism of our generations. )
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What was the ideological priority in the Truman doctrine ? Through what could this bet achieved? What did this represent?
- Freedom was the ideological priority
- Capitalism guaranteed democracy- democracy guaranteed freedom
- Cold war politics rev up
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What did colonialism expose European to ?
New cultures, lands, and species
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What are key implications of audit cutlure ?
- NGOs had more money then ever but very constrained in spending it.
- Measurable indicator in terms of Economic productivity
- growing expectation that every single dollar invested was going to turn out more dollars on the other end of the where the project is launched
- **Result based management :** when resources or funds are given, the success of the projects is in the result seen through indicators (specific rates of education, of health, of economic )
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What are the 3 problems with dependency theory ?
* *-pessimistic :** can discourage people from working to resolve poverty
- does **not offer practical or constructive solution**
- treats **“poor societies” as powerless**, unable to effect change of their own
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What emerges from the issues of cultural relativism ? How is considered?
- But, in striving (and sometimes failing) to apply cultural relativism in the field, anthropologist learn something about themselves.
- This is very key to the anthropological process.
- Perhaps the most efficient way to gather insight about different cultures is to observe the frictions between cultures, what makes the anthropologist uncomfortable
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What did Morgan's work focus on ? What did it open the door to ? What did that allow ? What were the limitations?
- Morgan noticed Iroquois had distinct kinship structures. Lineage patterns not random, but highly sophisticated. As he was studying them in their free time.
- Morgan opened the door to the idea that non-Europeans could be sophisticated int heir own right
- Iroquois previously seen as alien “steves” but Morgan allowed, by sharing his findings, the idea that Iroquois could be more than that
- This did not involve the argument that all humans were equal, quite yet
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What are anthros looked as ? why ?
- Anthropologist often looked to as “cultural translator” or “mediators” , consultants.
- Need for people on your team that understand people’s culture
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How did WID frame women ?
WID stated that women were an untapped development resource. Women should be included, consulted, given leadership roles, and training.
Women seen as an “untapped” resource, retrospective understanding that the potential of communities was capped because of the “feminization of subsistence”- so movement to re-engage/mobilize women as a labour, leadership….
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Depict the premise of post-modernism.
**Post-Modernism:** Defining right and wrong is impossible due to the number of opinions to consider (lack of confidence in “truth”, given all of the failure and executions in modernization and dependency theory, questions arose; hesitant to make a single diagnosis; questions such as “who are we to say that these people are poor? “who are we to think we need to help them?” “do they think they are poor because we have labelled them as such and provided useless help?”)
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What does the context of modernization theory explains?
Why no one stood up and said “wait, this is how WE did it- could there be other ways, other options ?”
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Where did applied anthropologist work in the 1900-1945?
- In the USA, anthropologist world in management of Native population
- Anthropologist played major roles in WW2 for both UK and USA + management of first nations
- When hearts and minds need winning, anthropologist often get a call
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In the 60s, women in the Global North were _______ . This ideal was ______ . What did that imply?
largely confines to the home
imposed globally
Women workplace being the home = norm and standard seen as proper. This same belief and assumption about the best way to divide labor into a family made its way in international development policies as well.
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How did modernization theory view culture (2)? What needed to be done (2) ?
- Says culture can **distract** societies from making pragmatic choices
- If culture was barrier for people contributing to development (going to work, participation in the economy)- it was inexcusable.
- Learning to compartmentalize cultures is part of the development process
- People needed to put economic activity first. Culture and personal life taking a secondary seat.
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What are the 4 dilemmas of applied anthropology
* *-Quality :** long-term field work not a priority, specified goals, rigid timeframe can overlook key issues
* *-Objectivity:** employees cannot be neutral. Work may be tainted by government or corporate interest, Others say it is better to have a seat at the table
* *-Ethical integrity :** what happens to the data? For what and by whom is data used ? Could data be used to harm the people being studied ?
* *-Opportunism:** some say applied anthropologists profits from disciplines but fail to give knowledge back
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According to dependency theory, what does development create ? Give an example.
- Development creates industries and expectations most nations cannot sustain
- Un-payable loans issued to poor countries, for example. Countries beholden to donor countries and international money organization which hold a lot of power in these counties, prevent them from political, financial freedom.
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What was the response of the critique of WID ? what is the problem with that ?
Development responded with Gender and Development (GAD). It sounded different, but what is different - big issue
Gender is now a priority in development.
Good but is development making women “victims”the way it has made people “poor”?
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What ares some example of social engineering ?
- Collectivization of the soviet union a key example. Stalin’s 5 year plans
- Tanzaia Ujamma, another example
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What happened to religous dogmas during the Enlightenment, why ?
Religious Dogmas in Europe looser following the Protestant reformation
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Name the 6 problems with modernization theory
- Presents **development as simple** (snowball vision, development as clearing the path for it to roll)
- Does **not account for existing inequalities** between within societies
- Follows **trickle-down economic logic** : “what is good for some is good for all”, (example: development programs tend to assume that if we empire a certain group of people, the wealth will trickle down)
- **Ignores issues of “structural inequality”**: uneven access to opportunities and resources over the long term (education example)
- Treats **household as heterogenous**: gender, age, education- not issues
- **Reinforces the paternalism of the “the West”** over the rest of the world
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What are the issues with cultural relativism? (2)
- Impossible to practice as an ethical principle
- Taken to the extreme, it might need to nihilism (no morality at all)
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What are the two types of anthropologists ? What is the controversy in the discipline?
Pure anthropology (usually work in university) vs applied anthropologist
Some see the application of anthropology as a betrayal or corruption of the craft
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What is modernization theory? What is its main idea?
* most influential development theory of our time
* Countries progress along a linear path towards a higher standard of life
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Depict the 400 AD to 1300 AD Western Civilization.
**Middle or Dark ages**
- Roman territory lost to Islamic and Germanic kingdoms
- Decline/detteroriation of living standards in Europe due to wars and plague
- Europe de-urbanized by various wars and invasion
- Christian dogma stifled invention and cultural output
- Creationism- humans had always been as they were- perfect, made by the hand of the divine (opposite of evolutionism)
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What happened in the 70s in terms of developement? What did that imply ?
- World Bank and IMF gained power
**A shift in development:** They began pressing nations to privatize development. Free markets. Foreplay in neoliberalism (development that should occur without much intervention by the state)
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In modernization theory, what are taken as indicators of development? How are they viewed?
Industrialization’ urbanization; democratization
necessary for modernization, they are expected to occur when countries evolve
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How did development planning see men?
-Development planning envisioned men as breadwinners. Men review trained and education above women
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What is the key issue with Buzzwords ?
Scholars disagree on whether WID/GAD was a meaningful policy approach, or if whether it was intended to appease development critics.
Are efforts to integrate women in development earnest or just intended to impress Western donors? No one answer; each development project is unique
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How did early antrhopologists work in the colonial context ?
Rising in a colonial context, anthropologist working with colonial officials, which was perhaps uncomfortable for the anthropologist who could not express their stance because their research would be stopped. But they worked “from the inside”
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Which belief emerged during the renaissance ?
-Humanism : concern with state of humans living on earth , shifting focus from the afterlife concerns
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What did development lead to in terms of women's role ?
-Tendency to take women out of economy productive sectors and force them to work at home- they were deemphasize in education and skilltrainng, resources investment in men disproportionately
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What does depenency claim in terms of breaking dependene? What would happen if a country broke off?
-Poor countries cannot break dependence without inflicting harm on themselves. If they were to break their arrangement, they would loose ability to run key infrastructure.
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What is one important potential issue/question when it comes to gender and development ? In what context in that question especially important ?
The issue: is development making women victims the way it has made people poor
Convince ourselves that there is a “need”
Has the process of development made us believe that women were victims and in “need” ?
Do they really need an outside response?
Questions important in light of islamophobia (interventions have been justified in part as a project of rescuing women)
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Early anthropology was a response to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Evolutionism of the late 1800
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Depict the core theoretical issue in development. What does it impact ? what should we question ?
As an adjective, “development”, is inherently judgmental; it involves a standard against which things are compared (as it comes from the divided era of the Enlightenment).
While “they” are undeveloped, or in the process of being developed, “we” have already reached that state of success.
Which has a huge impact on our interactions
“Development” is a response to a problem. But who is defining these problems and how ?
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Experts agreed that Cold War rivalries had \_\_\_\_\_\_
undermined development
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Depict the view of Eric Wolf ?
“Applied anthropology, by definition, represent a reaction against cultural relativism sine it does not regard the culture that is apply anthropology as the equal of the culture to which anthropology is to be applied”
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Depict the context of modernization theory. What was said of the world? Of nations?
Post WW2, ‘the West’ experienced intense social and economic optimism.
•Economic depression had plagued pre-war period.
•The war was won because democracy and reason prevailed, people thought.
•Now that the world was ‘free’, all nations could find their own success.
•As Truman said, Western nations had a responsibility to “make the benefits” of the West available to others.
•All nations could develop easily with help, it was said
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Who was Franz Boas? What did he work on ? What did he argue ?
- 1887, German immigrant Franz Boas came to USA. Mainly geographer, who worked a museum curator
- Carried out research with native peoples on Canadas’s West coast and Arctic
- At that time, scientific racism was prominent in America. Africans, Italians, many were discriminated against. (If you were Irish you would have a hard time getting a job, if you were Italians you would struggled to find housing, if you were African American you would have a hard time in general). **Boas argued it was not our bodies that made us different, It was our culture- the things we learn, not the things we’re born with**. Its the society that raises us, we are not made fundamentally different from each other.
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Which belief was prevalent during the Middle Ages? What did it claim ?
- **Creationism**
- humans had always been as they were- perfect, made by the hand of the divine (opposite of evolutionism)
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What does Natural Selection sugess?
-“Natural selection” suggested that species succeed by beating, outsmarting others (stronger survive, others vanish)
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what happened to anthropology in the post-war period? what did that imply?
- When colinalims ended, Western anthropologists saw **their access to study subjects and areas shrin**k
- Universtities grew with optimist of post-war period
- Anthropologist and anthropology schools multiplied, **More purist and fewer practitioner**s, for a time
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What is the theoritical rival of modernization theory ? What is it rooted in ?
Dependency Theory
Marxism
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In the new aid era, many nations recognize that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
helping others is politically attractive.
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Development makes itself understood and justified through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
discourse ( buzzwords)
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When was the era of development ? what was its goal ? its effect?
- 50s-60s, the modern era of development began with Truman Doctrine
- The goal : to speed formally colonies nations along the path to modernity
- In the 50s and 60s, development initiative largely led by governments. Ex. Green revolutions in India, Mexico, and Brazil. (leads to significant agriculture production which is still responsible today for their economies) Technology form West, but new governments were in charge. Significant social spending, too
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From the 50s-90s, helping the worlds poor was inseparable from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cold War politics
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What are interests of post-development?
Attention to different genders, ages, sexualities and forms of social organizations are of interest to anthropology of development
Strong attention to relations of power and discourse \*\*
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European colonialism was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, focused on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Colonial infrastructures desinged to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
extractive
taking
serve extraction
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What have applied anthropologists been accused of ?
Applied anthropologist has been accused of complicity with those who created, rather than solve, social problems
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In the era of post-development, what remains as the only viable definition of development ? what does that imply?
The only viable definition of development : the process by which people try to improve their lives and be happier. (Which is specific and unique to each community)
Return to fundamentals questions about how people live a good life
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What are development projects? (3)
- Development often conceived around projects: schools, clinics, roads
- Development is not simply aid. It equips people for future success
- Projects are time-bound, involve stages. And careful planning
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Where is anthropology applied now?
* *-Government, corporation, the media, anyone who engages/governs public;** law enforcement and social welfare services. They see value in the anthropological knowledge-Corporations employ anthers for market research or human resources
- **International development** also became a field for anthropologist (need to understand the people they are trying to “help” or “improve)
- Many **consult:** anthers proved information on cultures or societies to anyone who wants it. CA and USA government are common clients
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What did 30 years of neoliberalism lead to ?
- The economic growth witnessed in the global south is questioned
- But, short-term jobs, no welfare, unstable economies; corruption; environmental degradation; inequality; inequality; inequality; inequality
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In a sense, anthropologist were pioneers in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-. Pioneers in promoting equality and stopping to judge by race
cross-cultural tolerance
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In the Truman doctrine, development was defined in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What did tha imply ?
economic terms
This development was not translating in an improvement in standards of life for the people of these countries
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What did Niezen Sapiognli say about large NGOs, what term did he come up with?
“These organization tend to have a disproportionate sense of mission, to be indued with their own pelair kind of Utopianism, a kind of piecemeal ambition for the betterment of the world, with goals that are sometimes not only hopeful and ambitious, but willfully and blindly impossible” -Niezen, Sapiognli
Palaces of Hope
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What is significant about the Islamic, Chinese, Meso-American empires? What is their common difference with the European Empire ?
These civilizations have made great technological, administrative advancements (medicine, weaponry, urban planning) but these empires did not colonize the world to the extent that Europe did.
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Why were the US so confident in the truman doctrine ?
After WW2- very optimistic time for the USA, capitalism had won, the American were very confident , they “had got it right”, they felt the responsibility to help the developing countries to progress effectively
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How did neoliberalism infiltrate the global south? What did that mean ?
-In the 90s, neoliberal economy **policies** were forced in many nations. Spending on education, healthcare, govt jobs were slashed. States are not longer responsible for people - people are responsible for themselves
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What do anthropologists claim in terms of social engineering?What should be done? Why is complicated?
- Anthros say communities cannot take the shape of a project. How can a project be shaped to suit the needs of a community? You cant force people if they don’t understand why they are doing it, or don’t see the benefit
- Need to explain to people “why” they should change the way they lives- which is complicated because need to communicate across barriers
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Depict the 500 BC to 400 AD Western Civilization, its reach, characterists and outcomes.
- **Roman Empire** dominant in Europe, Near East, N.Africa.
- Sophisticated administration, trade, and cultural output (out of Rome), considered as a time of great productivity, success , development ...
- Western civilization came into being + colonial conquests, strong militarism, need to give the gift of civilization but then the empire began to decline. Land lost to Islamic civilization
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What are the two greek word compound of anthropology? What does this mean for cultural antrhopology ?
Anthropology: compound of two Greek words, anthroposophy and logos, “human” and “reason”
- Reasons about humans or knowledge about humans
- Cultural anthropology: “knowledge about aspects of humanity which are not natural but which are acquired”
200
how did western states shape their development projects
\*Harper choosing to invest primality in latin America, stimulating the economy of America so that it could reap benefit in terms of exports and imports
201
Garner and Lewis group anthropological studies of development into 3 areas , what are they ?
1. **The social and cultural effects of economic change, in general** (interested in how the culture and social structures are impacted by any type of modernization, urbanization, industrialization
2. **The social and cultural effects of specific development projects.** Like Salisbury (observes how the community reacts or resist by a specific development project)
3. **The workings and discourses of the development sector,** (the culture of the development sector itself and the culture of the people who carry out development on the ground or make development policy, Like Ron Niezen and Arturo Escobar )
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Anthropologist now often appear as ______ in their books. What does that mean ?
Characters
- Some old school purist fear objectivity is being lost. (Professor studying the Rhodes movement as an insider- examine the perspectives of the students and the faculty members. Getting an idea of what it feels like to be interacting with the subjects)
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What are the roots of "Empowerment" ?
- By the late 60s, critics feared development was treated people as passive- reflected in social engineering logic
- Brazil’s Paulo Freire: said that development needed to emphasize education (Pedagogy of the oppressed)
- Development was failing because the average Brazilian was not empowerment enough to participate in political sphere. Development cant be sustainable without education.
- empowerment made its way into the dominant development discourse
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How did Escobar read Orientalism into development discourse theory ? (3)
* He concluded that Western nations are attracted to the political opportunities development offers.
* Some people only see themselves as poor because they have been targeted by development or ‘poverty-reduction’ programs
* If most of the world is ‘poor’, the supremacy of the West is unthreatened
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What did Malinowski call for ? why?
Malinowski felt that colonialism would happen one way or another. He called for anthropologist to help mitigate its harms
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What are some postcolonial predicaments/complications ?
1. Formerly colonized nations **could not simply return to old ways** (the change were too profound, land relations, economies, societies changed)
2. All former colonies had **elites** [many educated in Europe or served in colonial armies, people that had been advantaged and empowered by colonizers elite] **These elites believed in enlightenment logos**; defining progress was not the problem, rather the lack of freedom to pursue it. The elite were for “development” but they **did not have the ability to take on the leadership of these systems**- they wanted to build a more prosperous future but faced challenges.
3. Many **countries were political fabrications**, not reflections of social reality - the lines and borders were **arbitrary**
4. **Corruption, authoritarianism** undermined development in many post-colonies
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What does a good anthropology study do?
-A good anthropology study not only tells us something about the culture being studied, it also tells us about the culture of the anthropologist. The friction between cultures in valuable.
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What did development look like in the cold war period ?
Soviet Union and NATO countries competed to fund and support developing nations. Competing for sphere of influence
Real development was sometimes undermined by politics. Military aid often went to suppressing peasant resistance, for example
209
What happened to research in indigenous Canada in terms of anthropology ?
In early days, communities did not have enough power to be the protector and curator of their cultures
Now, many indigenous groups in Canada wont allow research unless they will receives tangible benefits (they don’t trust anthropologists no more unlesss they can clearly explain the benefits)
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What did Arturo Escobar argue ? (3)
* The division between richand poor societies waslargely afabrication.
* Societies were made poor in the minds of Western citizens and policymakers.
* Uponbeing told they were poor, many people
around the world started to believe it.
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What is a discourse ? What is its effect ? Where can it be found ?
Discourse refers to the power relations contained within everyday language.
(The ways we speak to each other on the street; how politicians, leaders, or other authorities address us; the messages we consume in the media)
Discourse has the effect of reinforcing what is that is acceptable/moral
Discourse is found within the cultures of institutions, like governments, aid organizations, media, Hollywood
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What was the search for the unknown a synonym for during the enlightement?
synonym for improvement and growth
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What does dependency theory call for? Why ?
“Revolution”
Argues that without radical change, poor nations will become poorer.
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Industrialization, urbanization\_\_\_\_\_\_ even if \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What happens to traditions and identities in that context?
is hard on people
it benefits them long term
Traditions and identities do not go away when people move to cities. They transform or adapt into something new
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Give an example arising from the problematics of cold war terminology groupings
For example, South Africa Apartheid could of been recognized as a democratic/industrialized in the 1990s but they was a lot more going on socially.
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What is Social Engineering? What does it imply?
An attempt to change behaviour and idea on a large scale.
- the more ambitious, the more likely it is to fail
- Involved creating new industries, economies, cities, communities, political values in a short time
- Large scale project leads to ignoring the local realities
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After the 70s's shift in development, who/what began to play an important role?
- In this context, non-sate development organization (NGOS) assumed a leading role (USAID (most significant) , DFIF (second most important), OXFAM (emerging after WW2 to resolve poverty) , UN, ILO)
- “Developed” nations getting on the ground in development areas
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Depict Anthropology's two tools
**Fieldwork**: a research method, requiring the scientist to spend significant amounts of time with participants. Anthropologists say no one can undersigns a culture unless they’ve lived with them for several years. The leaning of languages and participation in everyday social life is vital. Taking of detailed notes. Malinowski set the Gold Standard.
\*When it first came about, it was unprecedented ,as the Westerners did not want to compromise their “civilized nature” by spending time in the homes of “primitives”
\*Now imperative in the discipline
**Cultural Relativism:** a concept (or “thinking” tool) made prominent by Franz Boas. To try and understand a culture on that society’s terms. To disregard the idea that any culture or society is naturally superior to any other. Any study that imposes outs expectations or standards on a people would not be considered anthropology, for purist.
\*Need to reject the idea that one culture is superior to another. Need to understand their data from the perspective of the studied culture
Impossible to fully do but there is a lot of valuable learning in the process
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Who was Henry Lewis Morgan ?
-Trained as a lawyer. Other anthers studies history, linguistics, medicine, philosophy etc
221
How do ideas drive development?
Often through discourse: the power relations embedded in the ways we speak about the world
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In the new age of independence, the close relationship to colonizers were \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
downplayed
223
How do anthropologist study development projects?
-Anthropologist embedded themselves in a community and observes the impact of a development project on the culture and the impact of the culture on the projec
224
Give an example of an elite in a postcolonial country ?
Mobutu Seso Seko- perfect example of a subject of Belgium, when Zaire became independent, he had the charisma to take upon the leadership but failed to govern the massive piece of land- it was impossible because the people were so diverse- it ended up in corruption
225
During the exam, think like an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
anthropologist
226
poverty is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
relative
a relative relationship
227
How the “did Euro as the right way” idea become normalized ?
Orientalism
228
How can orientalism explain the truman doctrine ?
Just like European needed to keep non-western in a place of underdevelopment to stay safe, their authority being self-evident - the truman doctrine has the same discourse
229
What was the climate when Franz Boas arrived in America ? How did he respond to this ?
Racism, Eugenism, Discrimination
Cultural Relativism (it is out culture that makes us different)
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Cultural Relativism =
Cultural Relativism = the moment of American anthropology inception
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Name supportive arguments for applied anthropologists
Anthropologist often looked to as “cultural translator” or “mediators” , consultants.
-Need for people on your team that understand people’s culture
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Name negative arguments for applied anthropologists
betrayal or corruption of the craft
Applied anthropologist has been accused of complicity with those who created, rather than solve, social problems
“Applied anthropology, by definition, **represent a reaction against cultural relativism** since it does not regard the culture that is apply anthropology as the equal of the culture to which anthropology is to be applied”
233
Name negative arguments for international institutions
- set the rules that less powerful nations have very little choice but to go along with
234
All anthropologist now are anthropologists of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
development
because development is the things that people do to try and improve their lives and the lives of their communities
235
The idea that a cow could be a vessel of money was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
non applicable
offensive
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