POST-MIDTERM Flashcards
Environment is not the same as _______. Explain and define.
nature
Nature: aspects of the world that are beyond human control
Environment: our surroundings- natural and artificial features (urban environment is an environment even if not natural)
What did Enlightenment thinking believe in terms of humans and nature ? Why?
nature and humans were separate- humans were not part of the nature;nature was external and could be controlled
Humans had achieve a higher state of “reasons” and culture and control;
What is ecology ?
Ecology: how we interact with (and make use of) the world mourned us
How people understand and interact with their environment is among _______________
the most cultural features of human life
In the pre-industrial periods- how did non-western societies manage environment ?
Andeans, Aztecs, Islamic civilizations, etc had sophisticated enviro management (example Machu-Pichu)
Pre-industrialization, public environment management ______ in Europe. Depict the situation
limited
- Disease, open sewers, plagues. Livestock and humans lived together
What was pre-industrial Europe stance on germs and disease ?
Germs and contagion were not understood in Europe until the 19th century.
What was pre-industrial Europe stance on waste ?
Waste needed to be disposed of, but its potential dangers not understood (“not my problem” idea of waste, no larger structure to manage waste)
What was the environmental involvement of the French Revolution in terms of environment? What did this imply ?
The French Revolution (1799) called for improved health and living standards for common people
Need to think about city planing, large scale infrastructure
In London and Paris in the pre-industrial period, where were sewers ?
Only served where royals & aristocrats lived
What did pre-industrial environmental conditions imply for common people ?
Low income areas vulnerable because of living density. Victim blaming
When did public health emerge ?Why ? What did it imply ?
Public health emerged in 1800s.
Broad street cholera outbreak in London was significant
The idea that the environment was crucial to the health of populations first took hold.
Colonialism of Americas was __________ .
environmentally catastrophic
Give examples of the environmental catastrophe of colonialism in Americas
Extirpation of megafauna (buffalo) and death of indigenous peoples from diseases
Colonialism was______ ; _________ not a concept
extraction
environmental harm
What did Spanish conquerors believe in terms of the earth ?
Spanish conquerors believed the earth called out begging to be used
In accord with enlightenment thinking- colonizers _______
mastered, tamed and controlled land
How were indigenous people seen in the colonizers’ environmental scene ?
Indigenous people were seen as part of the land itself. In a class with animals
Settlement of Australia, South, Africa, America is explicable by ________. Why ?
climate.
Europeans and horses were hit by diseases in the tropics
_____________ transformed relations with nature. How so?
Industrialization and urbanization.
Gentrification of nature
In the age of Industrialization and urbanization, how did people relate to nature ? (2)
People not dependent on nature directly. Nature was looked at for aesthetic value
What did Thoreau’s Walden (1854) promote ?
Promoted the spiritual value of interacting with nature
What did the automobile introduce ? When ?
1920s and 1930s Sunday drive (after church, go out for a drive in the country with your family to enjoy nature) . Families left the city and immersed themselves in nature
Environmentalism emerged as a_____________
result of industrialization and alienation from nature
Can environmentalist ethic be held by societies that have not experienced industrialization?
What do conservationist say ?
Conservationist saying that wildlife in Africa is in great danger, because African politicians are not able to take the environment seriously.
Post WW2, development meant _______. What did that imply ?
industrialization
Military- industrial compels, building, growing, consuming (bigger, better, faster was seen as the key to growth, people wanted more more more)
How did Truman’s development affect the south ?
Soon development was noticed to be taking a toll in Global South. Urbanization and pollution - countries were development industrial and economically with very little concern for
What rose in the 70s? What notions did it promote ?
Environmentalism rose in the 70s’
Notion that earth is a living thing. “Spaceship earth”; “Nature had no politic borders” ; Gaia hypothesis
Who was the enemy in early environmental movement ?
Development was the enemy. Early enviros were unapologetic for dismissing needs of people
Brundtland report (1983) introduced _______. Depict it.
Sustainable development
Economics successes should not hinder the success of our children, repost said development was approaching environmental limits
If all nations of the world experienced success like the USA … ________
the world would implode for a lack of resources or be ruined by pollution
What has been a recent realization in terms of environment ?
Development will outgrow the resources of the earth
Many societies are just beginning their ___________. What is a potential implication of that ?
own industrial, urban, consumer revolutions
They will be limited by the new idea of “Sustainable development”. While, the north keep growing , the south will have to be management
Calls for emission reduction have been ________
rejected by the world budgets polluters
Why are many anthropologists pessimistic about environmental futures?
they know how challenging it is to make people act in ways that are culturally counter intuitive or go against their interests
How is environment an “urban concern” ?
Environment is especially a concern in cities , environmentalism was developed as individuals first encountered issues due to the effect on industrial production on environment.
Depict the situation of northern Kenya during colonialism. What did this mean for the livelihood of its people ?
ever developed by British because no resources, Region was closed and left alone - no efforts to colonize or control, no subject to any rule whatsoever.
Land unsuited to agriculture so most common livelihood is to keep livestock and migrate following rainstorm patters, pastoralism
What does regions like northern Kenya imply for independence ?
As the country gained independence, they faced challenges because these regions had no infrastructures, no roads, no schools, no police, no hospital, no govt…
Why did population grow in northern Kenya ? What does that lead to ?
People depend on rivers, pastures, but those recourses are declining. Population have grown tanks to drought relief and medicine - there is now not enough resources to support the population
How can poor, rural areas be made economically productive and sustainable ? Low level of education or infrastructure to work with.
Common landscape setting : sort of dry, no dessert - what do we no with it : ecotourism
Nature gentrification made ___________. Depict this
seeing land attractive to wealthy class
certain socio-economic value intercourses with nature in a way that certain people the world don’t have the way to do
What is African safari perceived as , what does it mean in terms of Africa at large?
African Safari as the ultimate nature encounter, which feeds in into popular understanding of Africa as place which feeds into perception of the continent as “wild” , “backward”…
When a white men kills an animal he is a _______, when a black men kills an animal he is a _______
hunter
poacher
When were games parks created ? To what purpose ?
colonial era
hunting
What did Kenya ban in the 70s what did this lead to ?
Kenya banned hunting in the 70s as elephants neared extinction. Result of poorly regulated hunting
What is the greatest wildlife threat today ?
habitat loss, not poaching
In Northern Kenya, population growth and climate change causing ___________
ecological challenges
Environmental decline in rural areas is _________. Why ?
an existential threat.
Few institutions to support people if lands fail
indigenous knowledge not _______ because of ______
useful anymore
drastic pop growth
What is conservation seen has ? how Tourism and conservation often go together ?
Community-based conservation seen a development project : mobilize people to manage, protect natural resources (Rivers, forests, pastures, and wildlife)
Tourism and conservation often _______
go together
What does tourism create for the citizens ? What does this imply ?
Tourism creates the imperative to protect land.
People are paid to use land and resources less
What is the idea behind tourism as development ?
Idea : Once people are able to make money from “not using the land”, people will buy food from stores instead of using land. No need to rely on the land . They are being made consumers , connected from the global economy. From a Truman doctrine, it represent development in itself, it is seen as a “good thing”.
What does the transition to tourism involved ?
This involves a difficult transition as communities need to accept they will dedicate to conservation and tourism. Need to stop using land to “regenerate” it to make it attractive enough. The community then works with investors to build lodges for tourists
How is tourism sold/seen ? how does this translate in practice ?
these facilities are seen as “job generating” [cook, tour guides, drivers], creating an economy around eco-tourism.
Jobs created by conservation are few - in practice, the development professional sometimes get frustrated in working with people from indigenous communities so they recruit people from Kenyan cities. So people from out-groups (other communities or Europeans) get the jobs the indigenous were promised when they agreed to the project, they are not getting anything at all which created conflict and resentment
How is the community-based conservation project seen in terms of the development model ? how ?
In theory, community- based conservation is an appealing development model. Autonomy, sustainable, grassroots etc
How can conservation be defined ? What does it not involve?
the act of keeping things how they are. Protection, preservation, stopping change
Conservation does involves innovation. New strategies to maintain the old
Why are conservation and development not compatible according to some scholars ?
Development is about growth, change, productivity but conservation is about resisting change, finding ways to turn the state of the world to how it use to be.
community base conservation is often associated with______
good at protecting ______ , not _______
failure
land
people
Why is community base conservation difficult to conduct ?
People resent and resist being told how to use land, weak trust in govt and outsiders
What is the strange social and cultural effect of “community based conservation” ?
Tourism brings the wealthy (richest of the rich, because it is an exclusive, elite activity) into contact with the poor. People are objectified, divisions created within communities (by who is able to derive benefits from the project, people who find jobs find themselves quite wealthy, corruption involved)
how can ecotourism divide communities ?
divisions created within communities (by who is able to derive benefits from the project, people who find jobs find themselves quite wealthy, corruption involved)
How is tourism unstable ?
Tourism is vulnerable to global economic and political instability (people will cancel their trips and abandon plans to support the industry)
What does communities involve in conservation face ? What does this imply ?
contradictory expectations and curating
Tourists want to see indigenous practices, dances, arts - exotic … but they want to see the land as pristine and wild so no agriculture or livestock
Conservation asks people to limit their desires. Accept their status as “ people of the land”; embrace tradition, reject consumption (to make their attractive accessories to tourism)
What question is raised in terms of community based conservation and development ?
Is conservation asking people to improve by returning to old ways ?
Why are contradiction expectations conflicting for populations ?
people who experience economic growth naturally desire more. They want development. Cars, houses schools, bank accounts, phones
Conservation, in general, tries to protect land and animals from ________-. How so ?
people - the ones who did not get jobs still need access to the river so others raise a fence
Who dictates conservation polices ? What does this mean ?
Conservation policies are dictated by large NGOs : WWF, TNC, AWF. Global south governments have little say in conservation programs
Questioning conservation is ________
diplomatic suicide
For government, National parks, ecotourism, are _________-
Why?
big sources of cash
FDI and cie
What actors are influential for conservation ?
The British Royal Family and other symbolically powerful actors
How is conservation often treated ?
non-political : good for everyone; intrinsically positive
What does conservation implies in terms of north-south relations ?
Global North “teaching” the south how to care for land “properly” , how to do something is doesn’t know how to do which involves a lot of strange social relations
What does humanitarianism as an idea shape ?
How does it shape north-south, south-north interactions
Humanitarianism is a_______ response to a_______ . Such as ______________.
short-term
problem
Famine, conflict, natural disaster, displacement
Development aims at _________. Such as ____________.
structural issues of poverty
Lack of infrastructure, poor public services, weak democratic institutions
Where do humanitarianism activity is usually take place ?
conflict zones or highly precarious political conditions
What does humanitarianism not think about ? Who do they leave it to ?
Not thinking about the long-term development, they leave that part to development actors
Development effort, by and large, happen with _______________
the participation or cooperation of states
Humanitarianism is often _______. How ? Give an example ?
very dangerous as the work is often not approved by the state ( territorialism in Syria for example) , its a tricky job , need to walk a delicate tight rope to do their job, they often die
Development and humanitarianism are driven by a_________. What is it ?
similar logic.
The need to help
Who are development and humanitarianism led by ? What does that imply ?
Efforts led and funded by of the same actors. UN, USAID, etc
Both receive funding from often the same mothership organization, recipient of private donor ship, regular citizen donors..
What is the general development logic ?
Development logic, today, can largely by explained neoliberalism. Creation of new markets; global economic strength
How can humanitarianism be explained ?
Humanitarianism logic less straightforward. Nothing clear expected in return
What does humanitarianism often debate ?
culture relativism
What is significant about the desire to help from the North ?
Even though the powerful often exploit the poor (on a structural level), they have the need to “help”
industrialization in Europe had _________. such as ________.
drastic social impacts
Urbanization, wage labour
What is Alienation ?
“Alienation” : capitalism improved people’s material standards of life but corrupted people’s souls, less committed to their families, regions…
What did industrialization give rise to ? How ?
New social problems: Alcohol, crime, sex trade, hedonism, child labour, slavery
side effects of progress as economic goals were put before social goals
What emerged in response to the new social problems due to industrialization ? When ? By who ?
Abolitionism, temperance, child labour advocates emerged in responses (1800s); movement often led by christian groups
What organization is a symbol for humanitarianism ? When did it emerge ? Why ?
Red Cross for providing war relief (christians concerned about injured soldiers left behind, unable to reach medical care)
1864.
What did humanism bring in Europe ?
considerations made in the context of war to alleviate the suffering of those involved, people seen as less disposable as they were before , enhancing new individuals rights for citizen, less and less acceptable to use individuals
What was recognized as a creator of problems ? what did this lead to ?
In short, “progress” was recognized as creating new problems as it went. Need to be careful about development
Who is David Livingstone? What is he known for ?
Missionary not so effective in his conversion but more in the ideas he brought, Embodied the idea of “the protestant ethic”
David Livingstone called for “commerce and Christianity”- capitalism as golden and civilizing
What is the relevance of protestant Ethic and Commerce and Christianity ?
It was not only a good idea to teach the gospel, need to also engage people in commercial, business activity, they were also bringing people closer to god. “Improving people by making them economically productive”.
- work and commerce as spiritually and morally relevant activity, by working hard, by being frugal, by avoiding material pleasures- you are improving your relationship with God.
What was the counter view of capitalism amongst missionaries ?
Other missionaries saw capitalism as destructive and conflicted w/ administrators. Conservation dogmatic duty, seeing the “other” as cursed by they traditntal practices and sins, taking care of the soul of people rather than their material conditions.
How did colonial administrators see missionaries ? Give an example.
Administrators saw missionaries as helping civilize people laying social groundwork for development - laying social ground work
Residential schools held by religions actors
What is the relation between missionaries and services ?
Religious actors were providers of health care and education, so need to be “Christian” to recited these services, cant separate religion from everyday life
Despite criticism, what is one thing that can be said about missionaries ?
For all the criticism , their activities have been enduring and consistent in their logics and the ways the ethic allows people who perform missionary activity to firm relationships with the communities
How cam development professionals be described (background, motivations), in a very general way? How can their work be described?
development professionals, who often have graduate degrees, political liberal, well paid, come into the profession because they want to use their privilege to a more socially productive cause
Development professionals are often over paid and no deep engagement with communities due to short time in the country
How cam missionaries be described (background..) , in a very general way? How can their work be described?
Missionaries : more modest conservative backgrounds. Many Mormon or Evangelical.
Missionaries tend to spend more time in the community, no offices, more time and longer periods in the places they are working
Missionaries are more likely to ______
More likely to learn languages, forge close relations, work for longer in places unattractive to development professionals
What do missionaries do a great job at ?
Missionary do a good job at forging long term committed relationship with the people they are working with - which they don’t get much credit for.
