POST-MIDTERM Flashcards
(259 cards)
1
Q
Environment is not the same as _______. Explain and define.
A
nature
Nature: aspects of the world that are beyond human control
Environment: our surroundings- natural and artificial features (urban environment is an environment even if not natural)
2
Q
What did Enlightenment thinking believe in terms of humans and nature ? Why?
A
nature and humans were separate- humans were not part of the nature;nature was external and could be controlled
Humans had achieve a higher state of “reasons” and culture and control;
3
Q
What is ecology ?
A
Ecology: how we interact with (and make use of) the world mourned us
4
Q
How people understand and interact with their environment is among _______________
A
the most cultural features of human life
5
Q
In the pre-industrial periods- how did non-western societies manage environment ?
A
Andeans, Aztecs, Islamic civilizations, etc had sophisticated enviro management (example Machu-Pichu)
6
Q
Pre-industrialization, public environment management ______ in Europe. Depict the situation
A
limited
- Disease, open sewers, plagues. Livestock and humans lived together
7
Q
What was pre-industrial Europe stance on germs and disease ?
A
Germs and contagion were not understood in Europe until the 19th century.
8
Q
What was pre-industrial Europe stance on waste ?
A
Waste needed to be disposed of, but its potential dangers not understood (“not my problem” idea of waste, no larger structure to manage waste)
9
Q
What was the environmental involvement of the French Revolution in terms of environment? What did this imply ?
A
The French Revolution (1799) called for improved health and living standards for common people
Need to think about city planing, large scale infrastructure
10
Q
In London and Paris in the pre-industrial period, where were sewers ?
A
Only served where royals & aristocrats lived
11
Q
What did pre-industrial environmental conditions imply for common people ?
A
Low income areas vulnerable because of living density. Victim blaming
12
Q
When did public health emerge ?Why ? What did it imply ?
A
Public health emerged in 1800s.
Broad street cholera outbreak in London was significant
The idea that the environment was crucial to the health of populations first took hold.
13
Q
Colonialism of Americas was __________ .
A
environmentally catastrophic
14
Q
Give examples of the environmental catastrophe of colonialism in Americas
A
Extirpation of megafauna (buffalo) and death of indigenous peoples from diseases
15
Q
Colonialism was______ ; _________ not a concept
A
extraction
environmental harm
16
Q
What did Spanish conquerors believe in terms of the earth ?
A
Spanish conquerors believed the earth called out begging to be used
17
Q
In accord with enlightenment thinking- colonizers _______
A
mastered, tamed and controlled land
18
Q
How were indigenous people seen in the colonizers’ environmental scene ?
A
Indigenous people were seen as part of the land itself. In a class with animals
19
Q
Settlement of Australia, South, Africa, America is explicable by ________. Why ?
A
climate.
Europeans and horses were hit by diseases in the tropics
20
Q
_____________ transformed relations with nature. How so?
A
Industrialization and urbanization.
Gentrification of nature
21
Q
In the age of Industrialization and urbanization, how did people relate to nature ? (2)
A
People not dependent on nature directly. Nature was looked at for aesthetic value
22
Q
What did Thoreau’s Walden (1854) promote ?
A
Promoted the spiritual value of interacting with nature
23
Q
What did the automobile introduce ? When ?
A
1920s and 1930s Sunday drive (after church, go out for a drive in the country with your family to enjoy nature) . Families left the city and immersed themselves in nature
24
Q
Environmentalism emerged as a_____________
A
result of industrialization and alienation from nature
25
Can environmentalist ethic be held by societies that have not experienced industrialization?
What do conservationist say ?
Conservationist saying that wildlife in Africa is in great danger, because African politicians are not able to take the environment seriously.
26
Post WW2, development meant _______. What did that imply ?
industrialization
Military- industrial compels, building, growing, consuming (bigger, better, faster was seen as the key to growth, people wanted more more more)
27
How did Truman's development affect the south ?
Soon development was noticed to be taking a toll in Global South. Urbanization and pollution - countries were development industrial and economically with very little concern for
28
What rose in the 70s? What notions did it promote ?
Environmentalism rose in the 70s’
| Notion that earth is a living thing. “Spaceship earth”; “Nature had no politic borders” ; Gaia hypothesis
29
Who was the enemy in early environmental movement ?
Development was the enemy. Early enviros were unapologetic for dismissing needs of people
30
Brundtland report (1983) introduced _______. Depict it.
Sustainable development
Economics successes should not hinder the success of our children, repost said development was approaching environmental limits
31
If all nations of the world experienced success like the USA ... ________
the world would implode for a lack of resources or be ruined by pollution
32
What has been a recent realization in terms of environment ?
Development will outgrow the resources of the earth
33
Many societies are just beginning their ___________. What is a potential implication of that ?
own industrial, urban, consumer revolutions
They will be limited by the new idea of "Sustainable development". While, the north keep growing , the south will have to be management
34
Calls for emission reduction have been ________
rejected by the world budgets polluters
35
Why are many anthropologists pessimistic about environmental futures?
they know how challenging it is to make people act in ways that are culturally counter intuitive or go against their interests
36
How is environment an "urban concern" ?
Environment is especially a concern in cities , environmentalism was developed as individuals first encountered issues due to the effect on industrial production on environment.
37
Depict the situation of northern Kenya during colonialism. What did this mean for the livelihood of its people ?
ever developed by British because no resources, Region was closed and left alone - no efforts to colonize or control, no subject to any rule whatsoever.
Land unsuited to agriculture so most common livelihood is to keep livestock and migrate following rainstorm patters, pastoralism
38
What does regions like northern Kenya imply for independence ?
As the country gained independence, they faced challenges because these regions had no infrastructures, no roads, no schools, no police, no hospital, no govt…
39
Why did population grow in northern Kenya ? What does that lead to ?
People depend on rivers, pastures, but those recourses are declining. Population have grown tanks to drought relief and medicine - there is now not enough resources to support the population
40
How can poor, rural areas be made economically productive and sustainable ? Low level of education or infrastructure to work with.
Common landscape setting : sort of dry, no dessert - what do we no with it : ecotourism
41
Nature gentrification made ___________. Depict this
seeing land attractive to wealthy class
certain socio-economic value intercourses with nature in a way that certain people the world don’t have the way to do
42
What is African safari perceived as , what does it mean in terms of Africa at large?
African Safari as the ultimate nature encounter, which feeds in into popular understanding of Africa as place which feeds into perception of the continent as “wild” , “backward”…
43
When a white men kills an animal he is a _______, when a black men kills an animal he is a _______
hunter
| poacher
44
When were games parks created ? To what purpose ?
colonial era
| hunting
45
What did Kenya ban in the 70s what did this lead to ?
Kenya banned hunting in the 70s as elephants neared extinction. Result of poorly regulated hunting
46
What is the greatest wildlife threat today ?
habitat loss, not poaching
47
In Northern Kenya, population growth and climate change causing ___________
ecological challenges
48
Environmental decline in rural areas is _________. Why ?
an existential threat.
| Few institutions to support people if lands fail
49
indigenous knowledge not _______ because of ______
useful anymore
| drastic pop growth
50
What is conservation seen has ? how Tourism and conservation often go together ?
Community-based conservation seen a development project : mobilize people to manage, protect natural resources (Rivers, forests, pastures, and wildlife)
51
Tourism and conservation often _______
go together
52
What does tourism create for the citizens ? What does this imply ?
Tourism creates the imperative to protect land.
| People are paid to use land and resources less
53
What is the idea behind tourism as development ?
Idea : Once people are able to make money from “not using the land”, people will buy food from stores instead of using land. No need to rely on the land . They are being made consumers , connected from the global economy. From a Truman doctrine, it represent development in itself, it is seen as a “good thing”.
54
What does the transition to tourism involved ?
This involves a difficult transition as communities need to accept they will dedicate to conservation and tourism. Need to stop using land to “regenerate” it to make it attractive enough. The community then works with investors to build lodges for tourists
55
How is tourism sold/seen ? how does this translate in practice ?
these facilities are seen as “job generating” [cook, tour guides, drivers], creating an economy around eco-tourism.
Jobs created by conservation are few - in practice, the development professional sometimes get frustrated in working with people from indigenous communities so they recruit people from Kenyan cities. So people from out-groups (other communities or Europeans) get the jobs the indigenous were promised when they agreed to the project, they are not getting anything at all which created conflict and resentment
56
How is the community-based conservation project seen in terms of the development model ? how ?
In theory, community- based conservation is an appealing development model. Autonomy, sustainable, grassroots etc
57
How can conservation be defined ? What does it not involve?
the act of keeping things how they are. Protection, preservation, stopping change
Conservation does involves innovation. New strategies to maintain the old
58
Why are conservation and development not compatible according to some scholars ?
Development is about growth, change, productivity but conservation is about resisting change, finding ways to turn the state of the world to how it use to be.
59
community base conservation is often associated with______
good at protecting ______ , not _______
failure
land
people
60
Why is community base conservation difficult to conduct ?
People resent and resist being told how to use land, weak trust in govt and outsiders
61
What is the strange social and cultural effect of "community based conservation" ?
Tourism brings the wealthy (richest of the rich, because it is an exclusive, elite activity) into contact with the poor. People are objectified, divisions created within communities (by who is able to derive benefits from the project, people who find jobs find themselves quite wealthy, corruption involved)
62
how can ecotourism divide communities ?
divisions created within communities (by who is able to derive benefits from the project, people who find jobs find themselves quite wealthy, corruption involved)
63
How is tourism unstable ?
Tourism is vulnerable to global economic and political instability (people will cancel their trips and abandon plans to support the industry)
64
What does communities involve in conservation face ? What does this imply ?
contradictory expectations and curating
Tourists want to see indigenous practices, dances, arts - exotic … but they want to see the land as pristine and wild so no agriculture or livestock
Conservation asks people to limit their desires. Accept their status as “ people of the land”; embrace tradition, reject consumption (to make their attractive accessories to tourism)
65
What question is raised in terms of community based conservation and development ?
Is conservation asking people to improve by returning to old ways ?
66
Why are contradiction expectations conflicting for populations ?
people who experience economic growth naturally desire more. They want development. Cars, houses schools, bank accounts, phones
67
Conservation, in general, tries to protect land and animals from ________-. How so ?
people - the ones who did not get jobs still need access to the river so others raise a fence
68
Who dictates conservation polices ? What does this mean ?
Conservation policies are dictated by large NGOs : WWF, TNC, AWF. Global south governments have little say in conservation programs
69
Questioning conservation is ________
diplomatic suicide
70
For government, National parks, ecotourism, are _________-
Why?
big sources of cash
FDI and cie
71
What actors are influential for conservation ?
The British Royal Family and other symbolically powerful actors
72
How is conservation often treated ?
non-political : good for everyone; intrinsically positive
73
What does conservation implies in terms of north-south relations ?
Global North “teaching” the south how to care for land “properly” , how to do something is doesn’t know how to do which involves a lot of strange social relations
74
What does humanitarianism as an idea shape ?
How does it shape north-south, south-north interactions
75
Humanitarianism is a_______ response to a_______ . Such as ______________.
short-term
problem
Famine, conflict, natural disaster, displacement
76
Development aims at _________. Such as ____________.
structural issues of poverty
Lack of infrastructure, poor public services, weak democratic institutions
77
Where do humanitarianism activity is usually take place ?
conflict zones or highly precarious political conditions
78
What does humanitarianism not think about ? Who do they leave it to ?
Not thinking about the long-term development, they leave that part to development actors
79
Development effort, by and large, happen with _______________
the participation or cooperation of states
80
Humanitarianism is often _______. How ? Give an example ?
very dangerous as the work is often not approved by the state ( territorialism in Syria for example) , its a tricky job , need to walk a delicate tight rope to do their job, they often die
81
Development and humanitarianism are driven by a_________. What is it ?
similar logic.
| The need to help
82
Who are development and humanitarianism led by ? What does that imply ?
Efforts led and funded by of the same actors. UN, USAID, etc
Both receive funding from often the same mothership organization, recipient of private donor ship, regular citizen donors..
83
What is the general development logic ?
Development logic, today, can largely by explained neoliberalism. Creation of new markets; global economic strength
84
How can humanitarianism be explained ?
Humanitarianism logic less straightforward. Nothing clear expected in return
85
What does humanitarianism often debate ?
culture relativism
86
What is significant about the desire to help from the North ?
Even though the powerful often exploit the poor (on a structural level), they have the need to “help”
87
industrialization in Europe had _________. such as ________.
drastic social impacts
Urbanization, wage labour
88
What is Alienation ?
“Alienation” : capitalism improved people’s material standards of life but corrupted people’s souls, less committed to their families, regions…
89
What did industrialization give rise to ? How ?
New social problems: Alcohol, crime, sex trade, hedonism, child labour, slavery
side effects of progress as economic goals were put before social goals
90
What emerged in response to the new social problems due to industrialization ? When ? By who ?
Abolitionism, temperance, child labour advocates emerged in responses (1800s); movement often led by christian groups
91
What organization is a symbol for humanitarianism ? When did it emerge ? Why ?
Red Cross for providing war relief (christians concerned about injured soldiers left behind, unable to reach medical care)
1864.
92
What did humanism bring in Europe ?
considerations made in the context of war to alleviate the suffering of those involved, people seen as less disposable as they were before , enhancing new individuals rights for citizen, less and less acceptable to use individuals
93
What was recognized as a creator of problems ? what did this lead to ?
In short, “progress” was recognized as creating new problems as it went. Need to be careful about development
94
Who is David Livingstone? What is he known for ?
Missionary not so effective in his conversion but more in the ideas he brought, Embodied the idea of “the protestant ethic”
David Livingstone called for “commerce and Christianity”- capitalism as golden and civilizing
95
What is the relevance of protestant Ethic and Commerce and Christianity ?
It was not only a good idea to teach the gospel, need to also engage people in commercial, business activity, they were also bringing people closer to god. “Improving people by making them economically productive”.
- work and commerce as spiritually and morally relevant activity, by working hard, by being frugal, by avoiding material pleasures- you are improving your relationship with God.
96
What was the counter view of capitalism amongst missionaries ?
Other missionaries saw capitalism as destructive and conflicted w/ administrators. Conservation dogmatic duty, seeing the “other” as cursed by they traditntal practices and sins, taking care of the soul of people rather than their material conditions.
97
How did colonial administrators see missionaries ? Give an example.
Administrators saw missionaries as helping civilize people laying social groundwork for development - laying social ground work
Residential schools held by religions actors
98
What is the relation between missionaries and services ?
Religious actors were providers of health care and education, so need to be “Christian” to recited these services, cant separate religion from everyday life
99
Despite criticism, what is one thing that can be said about missionaries ?
For all the criticism , their activities have been enduring and consistent in their logics and the ways the ethic allows people who perform missionary activity to firm relationships with the communities
100
How cam development professionals be described (background, motivations), in a very general way? How can their work be described?
development professionals, who often have graduate degrees, political liberal, well paid, come into the profession because they want to use their privilege to a more socially productive cause
Development professionals are often over paid and no deep engagement with communities due to short time in the country
101
How cam missionaries be described (background..) , in a very general way? How can their work be described?
Missionaries : more modest conservative backgrounds. Many Mormon or Evangelical.
Missionaries tend to spend more time in the community, no offices, more time and longer periods in the places they are working
102
Missionaries are more likely to ______
More likely to learn languages, forge close relations, work for longer in places unattractive to development professionals
103
What do missionaries do a great job at ?
Missionary do a good job at forging long term committed relationship with the people they are working with - which they don’t get much credit for.
104
In missionary work, __________ is understood differently. Sometimes, harsh stances on __________-
Cultural relativism
social issues like planning
105
Churches have ________ in global south
economic, social, political power
106
The importance of religious groups as dev actors is ________. How so ?
understated.
They go, they stay, they build relationship
107
What do churches provide ?
Feed, educate and provide health to tens of millions
108
The church is also blamed for?
AID crisis, female oppression, abuse and corruption
109
When was Oxfam created ? Why ?
1942. Oxfam created by Quakers to respond to famine in Greece
110
Why was the UN created ?
created in response to WW2 and holocaust
111
What gained forced in the post war years ? What ideas and period were rising ?
Responsibility’ to help others was gaining force
Promises to “treat people better”, new period of experimentation of peace keeping
112
What was founded in 1948 and then in 1949 ?
1948 : Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
| 1949 : Geneva Convention
113
Once Europe was recovered; attention shifted to the ________.
“Third World"
114
What was humanitarianism wound together in earlier days ?
humanitarianism wound together with development throughout the Cold War.
115
End of cold war spelled ________ across global south
conflict
116
Retreat of Cold War politics ________ governments. What did not help ? What did this lead to ? Give an example.
weakened
neoliberalism
Rebellions, coups, small conflicts
Rwandan genocide
117
What is the disctintion in wars after the retreat of Cold War politics ?
Before, wars were often fought between countries (leading to institutionalized peace process, workable peace between two states). But this process is useless when conflict rises within countries. Now, wars fought over who had power and the right to exist
118
How was the global humanitarian mission challenged in the wake of new type of conflict ? What questions were raised ?
to what extent should the world intervene in the domestic affairs of nations ?
Where do we draw the line between universal and special problems?
119
Rwanda is a country ________ by colonialism
ethnically divided
120
When did civil war begin in 1990, what did that involve ?
Civil war began in 1990, involved a tense standoff between rival groups
121
Who is Romeo Dallaire? What was his role? What does he embody ?
Canadian the head of UN peacekeeping mission during the Rwanda Genocide
Role to facilitate negotiations between leaders
To some, Dallaire represents the humanitarian ethic Canadians embrace. To others, he represents the futility of humanitarianism
122
What did the UN underestimate in the Rwanda situation ? Explain the situation.
potential for violence
Over 1 million people killed in 100 days, not a simple case of one group of people enacting violence over another, long term affect of this conflict still relevant today; 2 million refugees fled to Tanzania and Congo
123
How was the UN intervention in Rwanda ? What about EU nations ?
UN intervention in Rwanda was weak. EU nations rescued citizens but did not intervene
124
How did the world act in the face of the Rwanda genocide according to Dallaire ?
acted with racism
125
What are factors that explain the US lack of involvement in Rwanda ?
Trial of OJ Simpson dominated news in the USA (existential and sensationalized dominating American imagination)
USA and UN had recently lost soldiers in intervention in Somalia
126
How was the Rwanda genocide dismissed ?
“Another African war”. Dismissed as tribalism (something inherent about African communities that made them prone to violence against each other, there is nothing that the global community could do to save life, no potential for peace.)
127
What did Dallaire do ? What was he blamed for ?
Dallaire refused to evacuate peacekeepers and staff. Scorned by Belgium for failing to protect their soldiers. 10 died. He is not blamed for failing to stop genocide, but rather for allowing Non-Africans to die trying .
128
What is tribalism ?
Belief that there is something inherent about African communities that made them prone to violence against each other, there is nothing that the global community could do to save life, no potential for peace
129
Why did Dallaire call the Global North out ?
failure of humanity in Rwanda
130
What did Dallaire suffer ? What about his soldier ? what about his legacy ?
Dallaire suffered PTSD. Members of his staff took their own lives
His legacy and role is very much debated
131
What is said now about the world and Rwanda ? What did this lead to ? what is the current outcome ?
Often said that world (esp. USA) feels guilty for Rwanda. Massive aid and investment
Since 1994, Rwanda has gone from one of Africa’s poorest nations to one of its wealthiest.
132
Acts of violence and compassion often happen ________. What question does this raise ? What does this brings us to consider ?
in concert.
What do this tell us about humanity? The potential for global collaboration , our capacity to understand ourselves are different, or the same
133
When thinking of those who act, what perspective is called for ?
Sometimes we need to think of the experiences of individual people, that is how we get to know something real and unique
134
Who is an example of those who act ?
Congolese doctor Denis Mukwege, co- recipient of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize - surgeon specialized in treating victims of sexual violence (which gained international attention because sexual violence has been used as a weapon of war against women)- he demonstrated an exceptional level of commitment to healing
135
Humanitarianism is often accepted as _________. what does this lead to ?
Accepted as being some of the most emotionally strenuous work on earth
Much public and scholarly fascination with people who carry out humanitarian work (people sometimes romanticized..)
136
Depict neoliberalism as an era. What did it come along with ?
Neoliberalism era : new appreciation for the power of individuals, empowering, each individual person as their own potential enterprise, determined , capacity of improving their own lives.
It came along with policy changes (privatization, less power to government/public institutions and to the market ..)
137
What did the World Commission on Culture and Development Report asses in terms of development ? When ? What did this mean ?
In 1995, it said that, for neoliberalism to work, development must engage better cultural lives of people.
Need to understand their values, their cultures...
138
What was realized in terms of development and youth ? what was the solution to that ?
If we want to make long term development ; we need to engage more effectively with young people (which are a large part of the population)
sports
139
What was a new recognition in the 1990s ?
New recognition of the popularity of sports in Global South among people of a wide variety of economic background
can we use sport in a broad sense or in a small sense ? Using sports to connect people from different backgrounds? Can we use sport to engage people in development ?
140
What was the context of the 90s in the global south ? what was the cause ? what issue did it raise ?
The 90s saw many civil conflicts (because of poverty, which is due to neoliberalism) in Global south; could not be ended only ceased-fire. New strategies needed to repair.
141
sport fit well with the values of __________ and the idea of __________
neoliberalism
empowerment
142
what is the complication in terms fo the benefits of sports ?
complicated because different sports have different cultures
143
What type of experience can sport be ? How so ?
“Character building experiences”
Sport institutions provide positive lessons to learn in the different contexts of sport- “this is where I meet my friends”, “this is how I build social skills and identity”
144
What can sport bring ? (3)
Leadership, youth empowerment, mentoring
145
Sport can install _______ institutions and values. How ?
democratic
Community-Building and conflict reconciliation, bring people together, strengthening civil society
146
Sport is so often a part of people’s _______ , it can also be _______
everyday life
| political
147
What can sport be used as? how ? what for ?
Platform
If you can bring people together, you can use that institutions of sport to pursue any other projects.
education of all kinds, including environmental and health awareness
148
sport is a form of_____ , ______ is something universal
play
| play
149
Sport is a ______________ valued by ______
rehearsing of physical and intellectual skills
cultures
150
How was sport used in ancient societies ? how ?
In ancient society - very military and dedicated to army. Track sports were invented and institutionalized at a time where these skills had real application in war fare. So early Olympics were showcases of different nations/communities “look how strong our men are”
151
How did sport infiltrate/contribute to Cold War politics ?
| What other form of game also had that effect ?
Cold War : Interest of convince citizens to realize “we are what it takes to win this cold war, because we are strong” a lot of meaning in what athletes could win
Chess also this same kind of “game”
152
Why are players of games objects of admiration ?
Players of games are object of admiration because they embody the traits societies values most: speed, strength, stamina
153
Most popular sports invented by_____ in_______. Give examples.
Euros
mid-late 1800s
Golf, tennis, cricket, baseball, basketball, field hockey
154
What did the rise of sport coincided with? what did that imply ?
industrialization and gentrifieriftion of nature
- people relationship’s to their environment transformed
- people seeking new ways to engage with environment on recreational basis
- seeking opportunity to do physical “labor”[ in opposite with past conception of resting/inactive as privilege] )
155
Sports exported to global south with _________. What is an importance nuance ? how as it seen ?
colonialism
Colonial subjects often couldn’t play. When they did, it was a “privilege”.
156
How was sport viewed in the colonial eye?
Sport was seen as another part of the colonial mission of social “civilization”
157
What happened in terms of indigenous sports during colonial era? Give an example ?
Indigenous sports often marginalized “seen as naturally inferior” . Ex. Lacrosse in North America
158
When colonist came, the installed these ________ , as they were important part of European culture
sport “clubs”
159
what do sport clubs do?
Class reproducing itself, recommendation and “membership” needed , where you do business deals, meet spouses..
160
What do sports clubs represent worldwide ?
Significant class institutions worldwide, including Global South
161
How was sport seen/used after independence ?
Saw sport as something that had the potential to be a nation building tool. Saw the “north” investing in sports, they saw the excitement of their citizens.. so they decided to use sport to get people to unite (in a context nation building was difficult and where division was very present)
162
What did post colonial nations do with sports after independence ?
Post colonial nations embraced sport, as showcase of skills, pride and unity
163
Sport and ________ are associated everywhere.
sectarian violence
164
_________ popularized in Latin America earlier (circa 1900). _______ grew in Africa. _______ in Asia, Caribbean. _______ globally
Football (soccer)
Football
Cricket
Track sports
165
Why is it perceived that soccer grew in popularity in Africa ?
"low-resource" sport
166
Sports are inseparable from ________
some national cultures
167
Sports relationship to _____ and ____ is complicated. Why ?
peace and conflict
Unification of sports always involves some form of enemy. Naturally, when taking part in sport, you are a competition, a rivalry …
168
How does sport become so important ?
Sport is a part of social life, people have difficulty to separate it. It becomes very important.
169
What are the implications of sports affiliation ? what are examples ?
Sports affiliation is divided along class/religious/area lines. People identify with clubs based on the cultural affiliation so when the sport begins to get intense on the field, it can precipitate conflict between communities
UK football.
European football especially known for sectarian violence. Hockey, cricket, other sports too.
170
How is sport regarded today ? how ?
Today, sport is often regarded as a tool of peace. Some evidence supports this; rivalries can play peacefully; create dialog
171
What is the question when it comes to sport and development? what as to be considered
Does sport bring us together or hold us apart ?
Opportunity and risk in using sport as the basis for development
172
How are sport sometimes used in peacetime ?
Many sports kept battle skills sharp peacetime. Rowing, archery, javelin, fencing, etc.
173
What is an axample of application of sport in the development context ? How was it proved to be ?
The sport organization try to incentify groups of young people to clean up trash by promoting the opportunity to take part in a sport club
Proved to be successful because communities in the global south have preexisting passion for sports, so opportunity to play sport was very attractive, young people developed a love for football and environmental ethics promoted in the process
Good platform to provide people with education (AIDS for example)
174
What needs to be considered when talking about sport and development ?
What are the negative side effect and assumptions of sport as a development platform
175
What is an aspect of sport in development that has been controversial ? Describe it.
character development
Young people engaging in sport development are benefiting by getting their character develop by playing with people for the north
176
What are two problematic implications of character development and SID ?
What are these young people from the south missing ?
What message does it propel to the south and to the world ?
177
What idea does Right to play programs advance according to Darnell ?
the idea of “white benevolence” and “expertise” : that westerners are wise and aways well meaning when dealing with non-Western peoples
178
What is one criticism of R2P ? How does this play out ?
value of short-term interaction between communities and volunteers
getting people together to play sports without thinking of what that act is suppose to do; R2P going into communities, getting people together, getting them supply and then simply withdraw , no long term benefit
179
What question come up when looking at R2P programs ?
does getting people from the global south and engaging them with global north does them any good ?
180
Sport had complex relationship to_____ and ____ , especially in USA. How did this manifest ?
race and class
Segregated leagues, forbidden participation of people of colour in professional sports
181
When did desegregation of baseball happen in USA? Why as it a big deal ?
1947
Big deal because sport was such a powerful public institutions that the entry of POC into this area was an important step
182
What debate those the rise of afro-americans in the sport world imply ?
Debates about intelligence versus brute strength. Coaching, leadership often white
Issue of division of labor : took many many decades before there was a coloured QB or coach so the perception was that Afro-American were fulfilling roles that were seen as more “physical”/“brutal” than strategic - new type of division ?
183
Why are public spending on sport controversial ? how does it manifest ?
Question of wether sport enrich society or degrade it ?
Many abused/exploited by the sporting culture because sports are violent. High rate of suicide, bankruptcy, poverty among former athletes.
184
What did the desegregation of sports lead to ?
Rise of important figures from POC community, becoming high profile like Mohamed Ali
185
Sport has been exclusionary to_____ for reason of _____ and _____. What does this reflect ?
women
nature
culture
Reflects the male- dominated nature of European and post-colonial societies
186
How is sport an awkward reminder ? what does this imply too?
Sport is the awkward reminder that there is a physical difference between men and women
but sport in an economic activity, some confess they would not watch if it was not men playing. sport is more about that society and politics, its economic, there are enormous economic opportunities
187
What needs to be considered by development actors seeking to install sport as platform of development
What natural benefits does sports and entertainment have for societies
188
What idea needs to considered when it comes to sport and development ? what does this imply
Idea of leadership needs to be considered : celebrated and recreated through sport however success in sports also lends itself toward celebrity. Does that make that person well suited to be leaders of other institutions in our societies?
189
In SID, success often is an ______. how ?
escape
port promotes itself as an escape for from poverty. Distracts from structural issues.
190
What do successful sports player often do ?
Important to mention because a lot of time people who have succeeding in sports, used their celebrity to enter politics
191
In the global south, some of the most recognized personalities have gained their celebrity thought ______
sport
192
What is the main discourse at play in SID, what does it imply ?
Leadership discourse
“We are building a new generation of leaders”
- which imply they don't know what being a leader means, that they don't have leader model in their communities ?
193
Why was sport and development was so well received in the 90s-00s?
Sport and development idea : who just empower people, you mobilize them to lift themselves up - no need for hospitals, roads , public institutions SO it was well receive in the age of neoliberalism
194
What are the 6 assumptions of SID?
Assumes communities aren’t engaging in organized sports
Assumes time, energy, space, and desire for sport is available
Assumes communities lack cohesion. Who is being brought together ?
Assumes people lack-esteem
Assumes that playing sports can do no harm
Assumes that sport teams or institutions are inherently democratic and progressive
195
Invest in sport training criticized as __________. What is a potential consequence of that ?
exploitation of talent
Aspiring athletes in global south major targets for scams
196
what does the popularity of sports in the global south imply ?
Globalizing Capitalism
Growing market for clothing, shoes, sports paraphernalia in the global south
197
Spread of digital technology making sport fandom _______. How? What is a potential consequence?
accessible
Satellite TV, social media followings, online gambling
People tempted and pressed to put their money on the line for sport Gambling, cultural push to follow sport and engage with these actives has been problematic and detrimental
198
Define volontourism , its origin and meaning. What does it do ?
Voluntourism : A portmanteau of tourism and volunteering
A form of tourism, often aimed at youths in the global north, that purports to make a social contribution to those being visited
Commercialize international travel
199
What can voluntourism be seen has ?
Seen as a “ cultural” exchange : the participant is thought to be gaining knowledge, insight, experiences , outlook , character building
200
How does volontourism generally work ? What is is said to provide ?
Participants work with or for an NGO community organization
Run by high schools, universities, NGOs, churches, and corporations.
Provides youth with experiences to aid university or job applications
201
Volontourism any young peoples first ___________. What does that mean ?
Many young peoples first exposure to the Global South and its issues (if they had travelled before, if might have been with their family or school - volontourism is therefore a big “leap”, life changing experiences for a lot of the people that participate in it)
202
What are the 2 phenomenon explaining the rise of volontourism ?
Rise of volontourism explainable through :
gentrification ( process whereby something of little interest, undesirable to consumers is thought in a way that their same characteristics makes them attractive)
and neoliberalism
203
What is gentrification ? why is it impact and interesting for our purposes ?
Process whereby something of little interest, undesirable to consumers is thought in a way that their same characteristics makes them attractive
Reconsideration of the thing being purchased, strange social phenomenon and can be very impactful to the pope who live in these “undesirable” areas
204
Many jobs or grad schools require people to _______. What does this reflect in terms of volontourism and theories ?
have experience; this is relatively new phenomenon reflecting neoliberal ideologies
Voluntourism, say some critics, allows people to buy experiences in making social contribution to the world
205
What is now embraced as a ritual for western youth ? what can be said to be ?
"Exploration” is also now embraced as as part of western youth; a ritual marking the passage into adulthood; a recent generation phenomenon
206
When and why did gap years rise in britain ?
Gap years in Britain rose in the 70s. Popularized by royals and elites. Beatles in India, too (going to east India and ashrams, making India attractive which was not because of past history and colonial rule )
207
When was US peacecorps launched and why ? under which ideology ?
Launched by JFK to foster “global friendships”
Truman doctrine responsibility to “make the benefits of the American available to other people”
208
What does Peacecorps do ? Who are they usually ?
Often 2 + years posts that emphasized living intimately with communities
Teaching English a popular occupation, but you medical and technical professionals also sought
209
How are Americans imagined for peace corps ?
Imaging young Americans as little ambassador
210
How does the peacecorp process works?
Government choosing exemplar individuals (to represent US values) would equip them and send them out in the post-colonial world (us sphere) to live intimately and lend and contribute their expertise to improve conditions of life for people in difficult circumstances
211
What is the goal of peacecorps?
for US ambassadors to live intimately and lend and contribute their expertise to improve conditions of life for people in difficult circumstances
212
What is remarkable about peacecorps? Who is an example ?
Remarkable because forces to live with the people they are helping
Simon in Uganda : depth in which he got to know the people he was working with , knowing local language, living with them
213
what can US peacecorps experience be ?
A legitimate career foundations for diplomats and global policy shapers
214
What is US peace corps mission ?
“ To promote world peace and friendship through a peace corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas mean and women from the US qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower”
215
What part of peacecorps mission differs from current volontourism programs ?
under conditions of hardship if necessary: would never be in , the person participant cannot be pushed out of their comfort zones, also related to the legal climate
216
How were peacecorps relevant to the Vietnam war ?
Vietnam war : US sent a whole of peace corps to do the softer diplomatic work before they send soldier a decade later, these young people were there to gain the goodwill of population and to show the people that Americans were willing (many died) to share valuable knowledge
217
How and why did volontourism change in terms of conditions compared to peacecorps ?
Nowadays when we talk about sending people to foreign places to learn and benefit others, for cultural, legal and economic reasons , we no longer send theses people to push boundaries and risk their lives
218
What is voluntourism based in ?
Gentrification of nature, of the world
Neoliberalism creating economic and professional environment where youth feel desire to go out there and do some good in world
219
what does wild wild country bring attention too ?
what can happen when people with money enter into a cultural and political context they don’t know much about and the side effects of privilege people not entirely aware of themselves can have on the world
220
Peacecorps are _______ of a lot of current _________. How ?
progenitor
voluntourism organization today
By taking their model:
taking young educated “idealistic” people who believe in the power of responsibility to make a contribution and make an impact in the world and send them out to the developing world
221
What is significant about peacecorps ?
their willingness to spend time and pursue a level on engagement to a degree unseen among different types of international volunteers
222
To which other group we studied the peacecorps related ? how ? how do they however differ ?
Connection to Missionary : individuals sent to unexplored to spread religious ideal
Differences of with the peacecorps vs missionary : secular and political - build relationship around the world, promoting democracy
223
By what was volunteering travel transformed ? How ?
Neoliberal turned volunteering into a private affair, doing change in the world could be done through traveling, not by government spending
224
In recent decades, overseas volunteering has ________-. what does this imply ?
grown and been privatize - which made it change fundamentally, power relationship is different, from an employee to a consumer
225
What impact did the needed monetary "cost" of volunteering experiences had on the logistic trip itself ? (2)
Experiences began costing people money and so they had to get shorter (peacecorps would spend 2 years and “break even”, but now because it costs money, the time spent is shorter and more of that time can be justified to be dedicated towards leisure activities /activities not dictated by communities)
Of that short time, more of it had to be dedicated to tourism activities
226
Once people were paying _________ had to be reduced. what did that imply ?
hardships and discomforts
| beds, dietary needs guaranteed, health and well being conditions
227
How did the perspective of the volunteer shift in itself with neoliberal volunteering ?
Volunteers go from being there to help, to be consumers who must be kept happy
228
What has new power in the wake of costly neoliberal volunteering ?
Legalism had as a new sense of power it did not have back in the peacecorps days, sense of “responsibility for organizations”
229
What the selling of development imply ?
Voluntourism must involve the right destinations; poor but also table, secure and stimulating
230
Who is perfect voluntourist costumer? how are they appealed ?
Perfect costumer : desire to visit but are not quite able to justify to spend the money, need to justifying to yourself “you can go travel and do something that will look good on your cv, build your character..” Creating a “win-win” a net benefit
231
What are important aspect of the perfect voluntourism destination ? to what end ? what are the most popular destinations why ?
Destination that strike balance between poverty (to drawn in the voluntourism) but also something that aesthetically pleasing to the traveler - to counter balance the difficult/culturally challenging aspects of the experience , coming back being able to say “ I saw poverty but I had an amazing time”
Countries with natural beauty and tourism infrastructures are the most popular destinations : Costa Rica, Bolivia, Kenya, Thailand, India
232
What is beneficial for a target volontourism country to have ? why ?
Beneficial to target countries that have some infrastructure
Services and attraction that young people ,in the income bracket target, are desirable to them , for young low budget tourist
233
What do we need to keep in mind when thinking of present marketed voluntourism experiences ?
None of this is an accident, put together in a way that was made to justify your needs
Only a limited picture of what it means to interact with the world
234
Where does voluntourism sometimes takes place ? how are the activities seen ?
Sometimes, volunteering takes place entirely within tourism environment ie: cooking schools, animal sanctuaries, organic farms (branded as social contributors, also part of the tourism engine)
Not seeing these activities as self benefiting but they’ve been marketed as acts of “conservation”
235
What are two activities young volunteers often do abroad ? What are their problematic implications ?
Often manual labor : school building, well digging, tree planting - communities usually have the resources to do that themselves
Teaching English : good but what are the impacts of having unskilled volunteers teaching English
236
How are youth voluntourism participants usually like ? what is their emphasized value ?
Participant often unskilled, or limited by language barriers; “leading by doing”’ their value as role model is emphasized
237
What is the dominant ideology of voluntourism ?
Dominant ideology : “doing something is better than nothing”
238
What are buzzwords of volontourism ?
GO” “ACT” “DO” “NOW”
239
How are activities explained in the voluntourism discourse ? What needs to be considered, what is problematic ?
Activities are explained as making a difference or doing something worthwhile, making change
Need to ask : Why is the change necessary, what is the designed outcome? How will the community be engaged ? - this is not discussed with young people
240
In which discourse does voluntourism frames change/development ? how ?
in the modernist discourse
Capacity for change is there, people are unmotivated to reach it
241
how are voluntourists viewed in the voluntourism discourse ? what does this represent ?
voluntourists as role models
A universal journey of development west leads the way
242
How is tourism often viewed in volontourism ?
as a reward for volunteering
243
According to Kate Simpson, what was the effect of voluntourism on youth, what did their experiences do for them ? how did they see poverty ?
research shows volunteers had heightened sense of difference from others; poverty happens outside global north
244
How did young UK volunteers perspectives changed after their trip ? what was not realized ?
Their perspectives had changed - they had not gained a connection or a sense of similarity , they focused on difference
The idea of “shared interested and commonality” not realized
No connection or cohesion expected from meeting people
245
What did post-trip young volunteer new perspectives reflect ? which ideas did they root in, what does it contribute to ?
People express gratitude and satisfaction with conditions at home; attribute their privilege to “luck”
Contributes to justice of fate idea - those who deserve to succeed will , people were “meant” to succeed
246
What makes a volunteer experience worthwhile in terms of perspective in the voluntourism era ?
to realize one's luck
247
What is missing from post-trip volunteer perspective ? why ?
(blind to structures and historical experiences ) [ very little in volunteering experiences that allows to go pass this perspective, Historical or political conditions of communities often unexplored ]
248
What is the post-trip volunteer perspective on poverty ? what the effect of their trip on this ?
Blinds higher income youth to the challenges in their backyards
feeling alarmed by the poverty they saw abroad , the experiences did not equip youth to think about poverty but only deepened assumptions they already had
249
Volunteer travel blinds _______ to the ________.
Blinds higher income youth
the challenges in their backyards
250
What conception does voluntourism involves? what does that mean ?
Voluntourism involves an ‘externalized’ conception of development; the motivation and the tools for change must come from outside the community
251
What are two issue/critics/problems of voluntourism in terms of the communities they claim to help ?
Needs of the community are not properly assessed or identified
Needs/problems may be created where they don’t exist
252
Many development/voluntourism organizations do not accept _________. Why ?
foreign volunteers because they can be a drain on human resources
253
What has been a major interest to universities in recent years ? to which purpose(2) ?
mixing volunteering and study with travel
Help attract high-achieving and high income students which is important for universities, opportunity of earning money is predicted by your family, universities see long term, cultivating a student body that will be leaders in the world, impact makers , generate income, continue to contribute to the university , making the money turn
Help raise a school’s global profile
254
what does university voluntourism sometimes involve ?
Some programs involve compensations for partners that participating students aren’t aware of
255
why are university voluntourism programs useful for students?
A common step towards graduate studies and long-term collaborations
256
what is Darnell's argument ? How
Darnell advances that R2P’s programs advance the idea of “white benevolence” and “expertise” : that westerners are wise and aways well meaning when dealing with non-Western peoples
the discourses of sport and development, and racial encounters within development through sport initiatives, serve in the (re)construction of Whiteness as a standpoint of racialized privilege. That is, through sport and development, Whiteness is (re)confirmed as an intelligible and recognizable subject position, one characterized as benevolent, rational and expert. This position is intelligible in opposition to bodies of colour, recognized as marginalized and unsophisticated, yet simultaneously and continuously grateful for the boons of development.
All of the texts used in the analyses were collected in February 2005 from the official website of Right to Play
explore the encounters that ‘produce’ racial knowledge and Whiteness, and where appropriate, problematize a functionalist view of sport as racially ‘colour-blind’ or innately socially integrative.
How is racial knowledge produced at moments of encounter within the development through sport project? And, what comes to be known about race and racial bodies through these practices?
‘mission’ of training, empowering and assisting is not only based upon, but to an extent requires, the establishment of a dichotomy between the empowered and disempowered, the vocal and the silent, the ‘knowers’ and the known.
Beyond the clear binary demarcation created through the use of language like ‘we’, ‘our’, and ‘you’, this testimonial illustrates the way in which the political can be de- politicized [59] through the benevolent aid offered through international development. In this testimonial, there is a prescriptive tone regarding the correct means of undertaking (sport and/or development) activities, based on the rational knowledge of northern expertise.
257
What question/dilemma does humanitarianism raise ?
why is it that we sometimes feel the impulse to help others in certain situation and other times we don't?
258
why was the impact of volontourism unusual according to Kate Simpson research ?
we would think that voluntourism raises awareness about global connection but it had the opposite effect, leading young people to believe that success they experiences were destined, no reasons to take a different or more action against inequality
259
What is most important part of the voluntourism discussion ? Who rose the issue? What are the 2 parts
Kate Simpson’s account of a troubling affect of voluntourism on youth from the global north.
Rather than people coming back with a new sense of commonality a new sense of shared experiences and values with the people they met- they actually came back with a heightened sense of difference thinking “its incredible how different we are from Bangladeshis, Indians…”.
Students expressed a new appreciation for the comfort and privilege they enjoyed in their own community , they did not see these privileges as being in any way connected historically, economical or political to the hardships people all around the world are suffering from.
If you accept that UK is a country that enjoys world class health (for example), if you accept that their success is due to the fact that for so many years, they extracted so many parts of the world, these young British people were able to go to place like India which has been exploited by the UK for many many years and be able to say “we in UK are wealthy and these people are poor, we just got lucky, they were just unfortunate” the issue is evident. We would think that voluntourism would allow youth to see global effect of their non-isolated actions but it had the opposite effect leading young people to believe that success they experiences were destined, no reasons to take a different or more action against inequality
