Midterm

Question 1

what are the 3 tasks that gait makes up? what part of the gait cycle is in each task?

Answer 1

(1) weight acceptance: IC, LR
(2) single limb support: MSt, TSt
(3) swing limb advancement: PSw, ISw, MSw, TSw

Question 2

does double limb support increase or decrease with increased gait speed?

Answer 2

decrease

Question 3

what is one reason people with balance issues walk slower?

Answer 3

more double limb support (compared to increased walking speeds)

Question 4

what are the two body subdivision of gait?

Answer 4

(1) passenger unit: HAT + pelvis

(2) locomotion unit: two lower limbs + pelvis

Question 5

what are the 4 rockers of the lower extremity? what are their functions?

Answer 5

(1) heel rocker
(2) ankle rocker
(3) forefoot rocker
(4) toe rocker
their function is to act as a pivot system for smooth forward progression

Question 6

what is the difference between temporary and definitive orthoses?

Answer 6

(1) temporary: off the shelf

(2) definitive: custom fit

Question 7

what is the difference between fixed and dynamic deformities?

Answer 7

(1) fixed deformities: can not be passively corrected
(2) dynamic deformities: result from over-activity of muscle tendon groups but when at rest are passively correctable; can also develop in adjacent joints in response to coupling effects of deformities above or below

Question 8

what type of lever are orthoses?

Answer 8

class one lever

Question 9

in a 3 point pressure system, where are the application of forces?

Answer 9

(1) primary force is correcting the deformity
(2) two other counter forces on the opposite side to balance out the sum of forces
(ex: knee valgus: primary force is on the medial side; two counter forces on the lateral side)

Question 10

why use an unloader brace if it leads to increased GRFs at the knee?

Answer 10

an unloader brace increases gait speed, causing increased propulsion, leading to increased GRFs; this increased GRF is expected and a good thing as the person is walking faster

Question 11

how much clearance should be in a shoe at the toe box?

Answer 11

there should be 1/2 inch clearance from the longest toe to the end of the shoe

Question 12

what does a neutral shoe provide?

Answer 12

cushioning/shock absorption, not designed for control

Question 13

what does a stability shoe provide?

Answer 13

medial control of the subtalar joint (controls pronation)

Question 14

what does a motion control shoe provide?

Answer 14

(1) medial and lateral control of the subtalar joint (controls pronation and supination)
(2) midtarsal joint protection (controls excessive motion)

Question 15

what is the purpose of static AFOs?

Answer 15

restrict motion while holding limbs in a static posture

Question 16

what is the purpose of dynamic AFOs?

Answer 16

allow certain motions, while disallowing other motions

Question 17

where does the trimline fall with a solid AFO? what is the purpose of this AFO?

Answer 17

(1) anterior to the malleoli

(2) immobilization in all 3 planes; all 3 functional rockers will be restricted during gait

Question 18

what does positioning a solid AFO in slight plantar flexion promote?

Answer 18

knee extension (inclines the tibia posteriorly)

Question 19

what does positioning a solid AFO in slight dorsiflexion promote?

Answer 19

knee flexion (inclines the tibial anteriorly

Question 20

what is the purpose of a hinged AFO?

Answer 20

permits full sagittal plane ankle motion while controlling frontal and transverse plane motion

Question 21

where is the trimline located on a posterior leaf spring AFO? what is the function of this AFO?

Answer 21

(1) posterior to the malleoli

(2) indicated for dorsiflexor weakness; less control of frontal plane motion compared to a solid AFO

Question 22

what is the most common indication for functional electrical stem, such as bioness?

Answer 22

foot drop by an UMN lesion

Question 23

when is a Klenzak joint indicated?

Answer 23

motion control assistance can be achieved with steel dorsiflexion spring assist

Question 24

when is a carbon composite AFO indicated?

Answer 24

for dorsiflexion assistance in the presence of mild-moderate foot drop; also provides a little plantarflexion assistance

Question 25

when are KAFOs indicated?

Answer 25

KAFOs are typically used as a last resort; used when excessive movement at the knee can’t be controlled with an AFO

Question 26

what advantage do metal upright AFOs have?

Answer 26

the metal design on the sides allow for increased limb volume (such as edema)

Question 27

when is a floor reaction AFO (stance control) with an anterior band indicated?

Answer 27

(1) used for weak soleus; prevents excessive knee flexion during stance
(2) allows for increased stability during stance, but allows for knee flexion during swing