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Kin 101 - Sports in America > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is sociology

A

systematic study of social behavior

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2
Q

subdivisions of sociology

A

interpersonal
groups
structured organization

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3
Q

what does studying the social behavior in sport help u with

A

characteristics of society
ways in which subgroups are marginalized
how to create equality and change

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4
Q

defintion of sport according to eitzen and sage

A

any competetive physical activity that is guided by established rules

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5
Q

what are assumptions of sociological perspectives

A

we are social beings
we are socially determined
individuals create, sustain, and change social forms

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6
Q

what is the micro level of analysis in sport

A

focus on small groups

funxtion and facilitation of cohesion in small groups

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7
Q

what is the macro level of analysis in sport

A

focus on larger social settings
relationship between sports and education, religion, politics…
who benefits, who is exploited

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8
Q

what are specific areas that are studied in sport

A

social norms - expected behavior
values
statuses and roles - lines of identity
sport as a social institution

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9
Q

what are sociological theories used for

A

to explain observations

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10
Q

what do critical theories focus on

A

social, political, and material inequalities in society

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11
Q

what 5 major sociohistorical changes lead to modern sport

A 
industrialization
transportation
communication
sport technology
philosophical views on sport
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12
Q

what is industrialization

A

change from algrarian lifestyle to urbanization

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13
Q

results of industrialization

A

more leisure time
city as center of organized sport
sport/recreation diffused down from upper classes

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14
Q

what did sport begin as

A

wealthy pastime

private athletic club rather than competition

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15
Q

how did transportation change sports

A

faster modes transportation possible

more transportation -> more social interaction

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16
Q

examples of faster modes communication

A

telegraph, phone, newspaper, radio, internet,…

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17
Q

what did communication allow people to do

A

spectate an event without attending

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18
Q

what does citius, altius, fortius stand fo

A

faster, higher, stronger - olympic motto

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19
Q

what does technology lead to

A

leads to higher quantification of sport
measures
improve performance

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20
Q

what did Henning Eichberg (1982) argue

A

adoption of new tech. in sport came from changes in societal behavior

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21
Q

why did early settlers in north america not play organized sports

A

lack of time and resources

sport was viewed as sinful

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22
Q

main sport played by native americans

A

lacrosse

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23
Q

what is culture

A

knowledge that members of social organization share

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24
Q

examples for cultures

A

language, religion, food, clothing, unspoken rules…

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25
Q

what does hegemony theory say in relation to sport

A

sports as a cultural practice embedded in political, economic, and ideological formations
views sport as socializing mechnism

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26
Q

values of North Americans

A

diversity precludes universal acceptance of values
system of values is often inconsisten with behavior
values themselves are not always consisten

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27
Q

major american values

A 
individual striving for success
competition
meritocracy (everyone responsible for own situation)
progress
materialism
social conformity
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28
Q

sport values

A

competition, success

winning above everything

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29
Q

what are general beliefs in sport

A

success results from hard work (vice versa)

total emphasis on winning

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30
Q

behaviors that are culturally expected after losing

A

self-blaming
accepting personal responsiblity
work harder
personal accountability

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31
Q

what is the problem with the total emphasis on winning

A

creates antisocial environment

cheating, violence, humilation…

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32
Q

how is success in sport often measured

A

mone that is made (contracts, endorsements…)

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33
Q

Micro- and Macrolevels in sport

A

microlevel: teams, locker room, interpersonal
macrolevel: large sport body e.g. leagues)

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34
Q

control in sport

A

often hierarchy of power (authoritarian)

athletes as tools

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35
Q

what is an hypothesis that explains why many people don´t want athletes to express their political opinions

A

athletes are gifted or talented not necessarily hard working

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36
Q

how does sport differ from many areas in social life

A

offers fair chances regardless of background

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37
Q

socioeconomic status

A

income/wealth
education
occupation
social prestige

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38
Q

social intergenerational mobility

A

chances to move within social classes

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39
Q

meritocracy/american dream

A

work hard, success will occur

based on assmption that we all start from same spot

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40
Q

according to Sage and Eitzen how many college athletes graduate

A

fewer than 50%

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41
Q

common myths related to sports

A

sports provides free college eduction
participation in sport guarantees a college degree
pro sports career us easily attainable
sport is way out of poverty for minorities
women can use sport as vehicle for upward mobility

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42
Q

problem with the myth that sports would be a way out of poverty for minorities

A

due to the fact that AAs dominate in many pro sports
can reinforce racist ideas
gives false sense of racial progress

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43
Q

when was title IX passed

A

1972

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44
Q

what affects participation and fan behavior in sports

A

socioeconomic status

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45
Q

average length of pro sports career

A

3 - 5 years

46
Q

markers of whiteness and blackness in sports

A

whitness: technical, hard worker, diligent…
blackness: explosive, power, naturally gifted

47
Q

what is race

A

social category based on idea that members share genetic traits
often socially constructed

48
Q

racism

A

economic and social control over people of another race

49
Q

what does ethnicity refer to

A

cultural heritage of a group rather than biology

50
Q

institutionalized racism

A

discrimination embedded in social structures

51
Q

power

A

ability to influence people through manipulation of resources, ideas, attention

52
Q

priveledge (social advantage)

A

unearned advantage by belonging to powerful social group

53
Q

majority

A

social group that has power, social advanatge and prestige

54
Q

minority

A

social group that lacks power, prestige and social advantage

55
Q

unearned advantage

A

more access to resources

experience more positive social assumptions

56
Q

unearned disadvantages

A

less access to resources

experience more negative social assumptions

57
Q

what kind of racism is easier to detect

A

individual level racism

58
Q

individual level racism

A

violent and harassment

slurs and threatening comments

59
Q

institutionalized racism

A

racial profiling
less adequate medical care
more likely to be seen as criminals dishonest…

60
Q

problem with racism prevention

A

prejudices and bias are almost impossible to eliminate

natural tendencies

61
Q

stacking

A

putting specific races and bodies into stereotypical positions ad sports

62
Q

examples for institutionalized racism

A

exclusion of specific races
assumption about leadership/intellectual abilities
opportunities for coaching managing and owning of teams

63
Q

what can mascots be seen as

A

real life consequence of the majority´s identity

64
Q

what do mascots perptuate (aufrecht halten)

A

white hegemony - manifestation of power imbalance

65
Q

what is important to know when analyzing mascots and nicknames

A

context

66
Q

how did feminist theory started

A

as critique of other social theories that excluded women

67
Q

hegemony

A

process by which dominant culture remains dominant

68
Q

major reason for male domain in sports

A

hegemony masculinity
mascular christianity
sport as answer to feminization of North America

69
Q

what was mascular christianity based on

A

fear that because of changes in 19th century men would lose masculanity

70
Q

sex

A

reliable biological differences

anatomical differences

71
Q

gender

A

behavioral patterns that are learned as normal
roles are constantly redefined and renegotiated
socially expected

72
Q

what do roles for men and women depend on

A

social structure
tradtion and history
social change

73
Q

south african runner with too high testosterone

A

caster semenya

74
Q

feminist perspective of sport

A

sport as a gendered activity (taught to perform certain sports)
males have the power

75
Q

what is binary gender logic

A

male vs. female

opposite in behavior, action, and attitude

76
Q

how is binary gender logic oppressive

A

excludes individuals that want to break boundaries

unequal power

77
Q

valued social and physical traits for boys

A

aggressiveness
independence
toughness

78
Q

valued social and physical traits for girls

A 
passivity
dependence
nurturance
beauty
soft features
79
Q

what is an important transmitter of gender norms

A

language

80
Q

what can make media content problematic

A

it is always edited and represented by those who produce it

81
Q

what decisions are important when it comes to media

A

money, viewers, likes…
values
appearance, fame
information or entertainment

82
Q

what does gender research on media sports show

A

largely by men, for men, about men

valorized elite, heterosexual men

83
Q

who is often by sportsmedia excluded

A

athletes who are “out of bounds”

84
Q

7 key themes of gendered sports coverage

A 
gender marking
compulsory heterosexuality
appropriate femininity
infantilization
focusing on non-related aspects
sexualization
ambivalence
85
Q

underlying discouse of females in media

A

female first, athlete second

sexuality is more important than skill

86
Q

what are athletes of color (especially women) often framed as

A

hyper sexual
wild
primtive
lascivious

87
Q

media characterization of tiger woods as only african american demonstrates what

A

the socially constructed nature of race

88
Q

which is a consumption of the sociological perspective

A

humans are social beings

89
Q

what is the purpose of title IX

A

mendate equal federal funding for men and women sports

90
Q

when are athletes at greater risk of CTE late in life

A

when they suffer repeated sub-concussive hits but no concussions

91
Q

compulsory heterosexuality

A

priveledging athletes who who fulfill heterogender roles

92
Q

appropriate feminity

A

show athletes with bodies that we that meet gender roles

93
Q

infantilization

A

women´s sports as girl/kid activity

94
Q

ambivalence

A

not caring or covering

95
Q

how have men be sexualized differently than women in sports media

A

often posted in positions of power and dominance

96
Q

print media and broadcast coverage for female athletes

A

print media coverage: 10%

broadcast coverage: 5%

97
Q

what factor did not give rise to modern sport in the early 20s century

A

integration of race (later)

98
Q

what idea argues that women are presented as heterosexual objects for male consumption

A

sexualization

99
Q

why do we often see overly violent behavior in male sporting environments

A

socially learned aggresiveness

100
Q

why is the effect of social issues/sport and masculinity important

A

men higher risk of suicide, disease, alcoholism, death…

101
Q

hegemony masculinity

A

male in power control others to stay in power

102
Q

what do boys learn early by participating in sports

A

autocratic leadership
hierarchical organization
bureaucracy

103
Q

what are male athletes often portayed as

A

instruments/products
weapons
objects
expendable

104
Q

what happens when athletes how non-traditional forms of masculinity

A

denied

trivialized

105
Q

examples for non-traditional forms of masculinity

A 
homosexuality
quite
intelligence off the field
disabled
...
106
Q

what is important to understand to understand masculinity in sport

A

homophobia

107
Q

briana scurry

A

black goalkeaper of U.S. national team 1999

108
Q

brandi chastain

A

white player at 1999 world cup scored final penalty and took jersey off

109
Q

jack johnson

A

black boxer who beat white fighter

110
Q

jimmy the greek

A

american sports commentator who gave very racial comments

Kin 101 - Sports in America (2 decks)

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