Midterm Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
In the context of human development, the term plasticity refers to:
adaptive re-organization in life span
continuity and change
the resilience of poverty
interaction of biological and psychological systems
A
adaptive re-organization in life span
2
Q
Individuals’ lives show \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as they progress through time: similarities; assumptions differences; assimilation constancy; change expectancy; accidents
A
constancy; change
3
Q
Human development is a product of the ____________:
biological system
psychological system
societal system
interaction of biological, psychological, and societal systems
A
interaction of biological, psychological and societal systems
4
Q
When scientists develop a set of interrelated ideas to explain puzzling observations, they are doing which of the following?: testing a theory constructing a theory operationalizing a theory evaluating a theory
A
constructing a theory
5
Q
Which of the following make up a theory?:
operational definitions, experiments, and statistical analyses
assumptions, definitions, and hypotheses
objectivity, observability, and repeatability
research design, sampling, and observation
A
assumptions, observability and repeatability
6
Q
How are theories and scientific observations linked?:
theories indicate important areas for observation
scientific observations help confirm theories
scientific observations help revise theories
all of the above
A
all of the above
7
Q
Which term refers to a logical system of general concepts that provides a framework for organizing and understanding observations?: a prediction an assumption a matrix a theory
A
a theory
8
Q
How do theories help explain observations?: they rule out competing explanations they identify orderly relationships they are based on random sampling they bring about change
A
they identify orderly relationships
9
Q
What is a characteristic of a “good” formal theory?:
it is logical and internally consistent
it is unrelated to previous research
it is focused on a relatively narrow, specific subject area
it includes contradictory statements that can be tested
A
it is logical and internally consistent
10
Q
Theories are generally limited to explaining behaviors that fall within their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: life stage range of applicability operational definitions statistical significance
A
range of applicability
11
Q
Which of the following refers to the guiding premises underlying the logic of a theory?: assumptions testable hypotheses predictions statistical analyses
A
assumptions
12
Q
A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following?:
patterns of societal and economic change over time
patterns of psychological and social growth over the life span
conflicts between ethnic subcultures
causes of illness and health over the life span
A
patterns of psychological and social growth over a life span
13
Q
Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about \_\_\_\_\_\_, that is, age-related characteristics of social, physical, emotional, and cognitive competence that can be expected when a person is highly motivated, physically healthy, and well-integrated into their social group: academic achievement life satisfaction optimal development contextual fit
A
optimal development
14
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means that responsiveness, whether at a neural or behavioral level, is shaped and narrowed as a result of repeated experiences: canalization classical conditioning behavioral reactivity resilience
A
canalization
15
Q
A powerful aspect of context that influences development is culture. How does culture shape development?:
through the arts, technologies, religions, and governments of a people
through the organization of families and patterns of socialization
through its physical and symbolic tools, including language
all of the above
A
all of the above
16
Q
Factors that increase vulnerability and disrupt optimal development are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: behavioral observations independent variables risk factors domains of emphasis
A
risk factors
17
Q
The ability to anticipate threat, to adapt readily, and even become stronger or more competent under conditions that are otherwise known to disrupt or undermine functioning is referred to as\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: intervention qualitative change canalization resilience
A
resilience
18
Q
Over the five years from her birth to age 5, Marla’s parents also got older and changed jobs. Her baby sister was born, and her grandmother died. This set of events has had an impact on Marla’s development. This situation illustrates which of the following challenges to the study of human development?:
change in the person is taking place in the context of a changing environment
cultures differ in their socialization practices
people are more alike than they are different
change is both qualitative and quantitative
A
change in the person is taking place in the context of a changing environment
19
Q
Robert wants to be an airline pilot. He studies physics and engineering in college; takes flight instruction lessons; and checks into the qualifications for military programs for flight training. All of these efforts illustrate which idea about human development?:
people are most vulnerable when they reflect on their goals and aspire to an uncertain future
people are goal directed and can make choices that guide the direction of their own development
change is both qualitative and quantitative
responsiveness is shaped and narrowed as a result of repeated experiences
A
people are goal directed and can make choices that guide the direction of their own development
20
Q
Thinking back to the case of Clark at the opening of the chapter, which type of theory would you choose to apply?:
one that focuses on the cognitive domain
one that focuses on emotions and self-regulation
one that addresses the behaviors of adults as well as children
all of the above
A
all of the above
21
Q
In APA style, separate title page is required for a research paper or an essay.
True
False
A
true
22
Q
When should et al. be used in APA style?
You Answered
It should be used when the work has more than 3 authors.
It should be used when the work has more than 6 authors.
If the work has more than two authors, both authors’ names should be used the first time; later, et al. can be used after the first author’s name.
Both A and B
A
both A & B
23
Q
Which of the following is cited correctly in APA style?
H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel define pointers as “variables that contain as their values addresses of other variables” (1999, p. 294).
H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (C How to Program) define pointers as “variables that contain as their values addresses of other variables” (p. 294).
H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (1999) define pointers as “variables that contain as their values addresses of other variables” (p. 294).
No answer text provided.
A
C
24
Q
In APA style, the first name of the author in a Reference list is spelled out. is not spelled out. No answer text provided. No answer text provided.
A
is not spelled out
25
How are entries ordered in a Reference list?
By title first, then author's last name, and then by date of publication.
By author's last name first, then date of publication, then title.
By date of publication first, then author's last name, then by title.
No answer text provided.
by author's last name first, then date of publication, then title
26
If an entry in a Reference list is longer than one line, second and all subsequent lines need to be indented half an inch.
True
False
true
27
Which of the following is the correct APA Reference list entry?
Reese, G. (2000). Database Programming with JDBC and Java. Beijing: O'Reilly Media
Reese, George. Database programming with JDBC and Java. Beijing: O'Reilly Media. 2000.
A
28
The Reference section should start on a separate page under the centered heading References, which does not use bold font. The reference entries should appear in alphabetical order by authors' surname (or by title if works do not list an author) regardless of the type of source (e.g., book, film, journal article, website).
True
False
False - should be in bold
29
# Choose the correct reference format for the following source that you retrieved from an online journal: .
Social Work and Research, 1995, Vol. 68(2), 127-137 SSN: 1948-CCX DOI:10.1037/swr/127 Students and the Problem of Entitlement . Jeffrey T. Swan Dennard Q. Rail Mary N. Bushcombe University of Georgia
Swan, J. T., Rail, D. Q., & Bushcombe, M. N. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work and Research, 68(2), 127-137.
J. T. Swan, D. Q. Rail, & M. N. Bushcombe. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work and Research, 68(2), 127-137. ISSN: 1948-CCX doi:10.1037/swr/127
Bushcombe, M. N., Rail, D. Q., & Swan, J. T. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work Research, 68(2), 127-137. doi:10.1037/swr/127
Swan, J. T., Rail, D. Q., & Bushcombe, M. N. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work and Research, 68(2), 127-137. doi:10.1037/swr/127
D
30
Which choice shows the correct format for the first use of the Jeffrey T. Swan, Dennard Q. Rail, Mary N. Bushcombe (1995) source with the following sentence: . Thus, students' misplaced sense of entitlement interferes with classroom teaching and, ultimately, the quality of education and training that students receive.
...training that students receive. (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1995)
...training that students receive (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1995).
...training that students receive (Swan, Rail, and Bushcombe, 1995).
...training that students receive (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1993).
B
31
Which choice shows the correct format for the second parenthetical citation of the Jeffrey T. Swan, Dennard Q. Rail, Mary N. Bushcombe (1995) source in a later paragraph in paper, using the following sentence: .
In addition, the authors suggested that admissions officers should have frank discussions with applicants that clearly outline what the graduate program demands, expects, and requires of students.
...demands, expects, and requires of students (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1995).
...demands, expects, and requires of students [Swan, Rail, and Buschcombe, 1995].
...demands, expects, and requires of students (Swan, Rail & Bushcombe).
...demands, expects, and requires of students. (Swan et al, 1995)
..demands, expects, and requires of students (Swan et al., 1995)
E
32
Your list of sources should be labeled:
Bibliography
References
No answer text provided.
references
33
```
This type of study measures whether or not there is a relationship between variables.
True Experiment
Correlation
Naturalistic Observation
Survey
```
correlation
34
```
This type of study measures cause and effect:
Experiment
Correlation
Naturalistic Observation
All of the above.
```
experiment
35
```
This is the group that receives the experimental treatment, manipulation. The group exposed to the independent variable.
Control group
Experimental group
Variable group
Independent group
```
experimental group
36
This group is used to produce comparison, it is not exposed to the independent variable.
Control group
Experimental group
Variable group
Dependent group
control group
37
```
The variable that is measured in a study. The experimenter does not control this variable. The effect of the manipulation.
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control variable
Research variable
```
dependent variable
38
```
These designs are used to examine behavior in the same infants and children over time
cross-sectional
longitudinal
interrelational
quasi length
```
longitudinal
39
These designs are used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time.
cross-sectional
longitudinal
correlational
quasi length
cross-sectional
40
Which of the following best describes the process of adaptation in evolutionary theory?:
(a) the development of structures and problem-solving mechanisms that allow the species to survive in a specific environment
(b) the ability to attract a mate of equal or superior education and social class
(c) the motivation to ensure the reproductive success of those who share one’s genetic ancestry
(d) the willingness to share resources with those who are unable to contribute on their own
a
41
```
Which of the following terms focuses on describing the unique adaptive behaviors of specific species, such as mating, caregiving, play, and strategies for obtaining resources?:
chemistry
education
ethology
teratology
```
ethology
42
```
he continuation of a species depends on the capacity of its individual members to survive, mate, reproduce, and _____:
rear their offspring
have reflexes
use spoken language
express emotion
```
rear their offspring
43
Which of the following statements is considered a major implication of evolutionary theory related to the study of human development?:
the importance of similarities among all humans allows for the scientific study of continuity over time
factors that influence reproductive success of a group have implications for the survival of the species
the early years of childhood are most critical in shaping the structure of adult personality
the course of human development is shaped by entries into and exits from key life roles
factors that influence reproductive success of a group have implications for the survival of the species
44
```
According to evolutionary theory, the following mechanism accounts for species change from the beginning of life to the present:
climate
variability
natural selection
genetics
```
natural selection
45
```
The reason that natural selection can contribute to species change is that species exhibit ____:
habits
variability
social behavior
courting rituals
```
variability
46
Natural selection operates at the genetic level as a result of varying degrees of ____________ among the species:
reproductive success
ethology
maturity
defensive behavior
reproductive success
47
Because of its concern with reproductive success, evolutionary theory directs our attention to the study of which of the following aspects of human behavior?:
mating and reproductive behavior
parenting
growth and development from infancy up to reproductive age
all of these
all
48
According to evolutionary theory, what is the adaptive consequence of variability for the species?:
it promotes cognitive complexity
it ensures species survival under varying environmental conditions
it encourages responsive parenting
it promotes helping behavior and cooperation among group members
it ensures species survival under varying environmental conditions
49
```
What is the basic survival function served by the attachment behavioral system?:
mating
feeding efficiency
safety
emotional regulation
```
safety
50
```
Which of the following terms refers to the process through which hominids separated from homo erectus to homo sapiens?:
extinction
inclusive fitness
reproductive success
speciation
```
speciation
51
Which of the following characteristics are common to all members of the human species?:
common body shape and specific organs
humans can mate and reproduce human children
bipedalism which leaves the hands free for tool use
all of these
all
52
```
Dr. Fredrich Watchitall studies mating and parenting behaviors of marmosets in the natural environment that contribute to species survival . What is his likely scientific discipline?:
psychiatry
ethology
demography
proctology
```
ethology
53
Whereas ethology focuses on adaptive behavior patterns, the goal of evolutionary psychology is the study of _____________:
the human mind
he optimal environment for human productivity
differences between men and women
factors that account for successful aging
the human mind
54
According to evolutionary psychology, what are the likely origins of adaptive problems?:
they help explain how modern inventions are derived from earlier tools
hey are problems, the solution to which contributed to reproductive success
they are likely to have occurred repeatedly over the course of human history
both (b) and (c)
both b and c
55
```
At about what age do infants form an internal mental representation of the object of attachment?:
9 to 12 months
6 to 9 months
3 to 6 months
birth to 3 months
```
9 to 12 months
56
```
Attachment patterns differ. Mallory cries a lot, is not readily soothed by her caregiver, but is clearly distressed when separated from her caregiver. Which attachment style is this?:
secure attachment
anxious-avoidant attachment
anxious-resistant attachment
disorganized attachment
```
anxious-avoidant attachment
57
What are some long-term adaptive benefits of a secure attachment?
enjoyment in close peer friendships during the preschool years
greater resilience and self-control
increased disclosure and responsiveness in adult love relationships
all of the above
all
58
What is the free-rider problem?:
a lack of public transportation in urban areas
a concern about insects that attach to plants and infect large agricultural areas
people who share equally in the benefits of resources but do not use any effort or energy to contribute to their production
people who get angry when they do not get any credit for their efforts and work
people who share equally in the benefits of resources but do not use any effort or energy to contribute to their production
59
What strategies allow cooperative individuals to flourish in a group and overcome the negative impact of free-riders?:
there must be a mental structure that allows people to recognize and categorize people as free-riders
when free-riders are identified, cooperators need to use strategies to punish them or create incentives to foster their cooperation
cooperators learn to ”turn the other cheek,“ accept the free-riders, and share resources with them
both (a) and (b)
both a and b
60
```
Which of the following terms refers to the process of organizing and making meaning of experience?:
equilibrium
repression
cognition
ethology
```
cognition
61
```
According to Piaget, organisms strive to achieve a balance of organized structures that provides effective ways of interacting with the environment. This is known as _________:
balancing
intelligence
equilibrium
consciousness
```
equilibrium
62
Why did Piaget prefer the term schemes rather than the term concepts to discuss the organization of thoughts?:
because the term can be used to describe interrelated groups of actions as well as ideas, which is useful especially when describing infant intelligence
because schemes always refer to plans rather than ideas
because schemes suggest a manipulation on objects, not the object itself
because concepts imply intelligence, and Piaget did not want to attribute intelligence to infants
because the term can be used to describe interrelated groups of actions as well as ideas, which is useful especially when describing infant intelligence
63
What is the adaptive value of cognitive organization?:
it improves reproductive success
it solves the problem of how to identify safe from poisonous foods
it serves as a defense against unacceptable impulses
it reduces the amount of information that is needed to respond to individual stimuli
it reduces the amount of information that is needed to respond to individual stimuli
64
Equilibrium is achieved through ____________, a process of gradually modifying existing schemes in order to take into account discrepancies between what is known and what is being experienced:
natural selection
evolution
adaptation
adaptation
65
In Piaget's theory, which of the following are considered the two complementary processes that account for adaptation?
sensorimotor intelligence and preoperational thought
natural selection and fitness
cultural discontinuity and moral reasoning
assimilation and accommodation
assimilation and accommodation
66
Which of the following statements best characterizes how Piaget thought about stages of cognitive development?:
the stages describe abstract processes that could be applied to many content areas and that could be observed at roughly the same chronological age periods across cultures
stages emerge through times of disequilibrium and efforts to achieve new levels of equilibrium
each stage brings a qualitatively distinctive organization to thought and problem solving
all of the above
all of the above
67
```
Which of the stages of cognitive development relies most on the physical exploration of objects?:
formal operational thought
sensorimotor intelligence
preoperational thought
concrete operational thought
```
sensorimotor intelligence
68
```
Dakota has started to read short biographies of women she believes are important. She makes lists of who is most important in categories like business leader, political leader, and star athlete. Then she starts to read about the number one person in each category. Which of Piaget’s stages do you think Dakota is in?:
formal operational stage
concrete operational stage
preoperational stage
postformal operational stage
```
concrete operational stage
69
```
At each stage of development, a process occurs which takes the person from a position of relative ________ to a greater ability to take into account the actions, motives, and features of objects and people:
reality testing
classification
egocentrism
efficacy
```
egocentrism
70
What methodology did Piaget use in his research on children’s cognition?:
careful observations and slight manipulations of his own children’s behavior
posing a variety of problems, watching children solve them, and questioning them about their solutions
interviewing young children, asking them questions about their dreams and familiar life events
all of the above
all of the above
71
Piaget’s writings inspired research and theory in the field of moral development. Theories of moral development typically support the view that as children’s cognitive capacities mature, they are increasingly likely to appreciate that moral principles are based on _______ rather than on _______:
social agreements; fixed rules
justice; equity
consequences; intentions
hope; despair
social agreements; fixed rules
72
```
In his extensive research and theory of moral development, Kohlberg proposed three levels of moral reasoning. Which of the levels is characterized by an acceptance of moral principles that are viewed as part of a person’s own ideology, rather than simply being imposed by the social order?:
preconventional morality
conventional morality
postconventional morality
none of the above
```
postconventional morality
73
Social cognition is the study of development of knowledge about the self and others. One topic included in the study of social cognition is called “theory of mind.” What is meant by “theory of mind”?:
the study of how children mature in their ability to understand and account for the behavior of others
the study of how children communicate through their dreams and pretend play to convey meaning about their wishes and fears
the study of how adults typically misunderstand children’s needs because of egocentrism
a theory of socialization about how to motivate children to mind their parents and other adults
the study of how children mature in their ability to understand and account for the behavior of others
74
```
Underlying the maturation of cognition is the changing capacity of the brain to perceive, organize, store, and retrieve information. The field of ____________ links cognitive capacities to neurological processes:
sensorimotor intelligence
information processing
gene transfer
selective attention
```
information processing
75
```
Which term refers to cognitive capacities including working memory, planning and organizing, and the ability to resist distractions and inhibit inappropriate impulses?:
perceptual defense
social perspective taking
executive functions
adaptive self-regulation
```
executive functions
76
In what way does Robbie Case’s theory of central conceptual structures differ from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?: (
Case sees development as following a sequence of stages
Case sees conceptual structures linked to specific domains such as arithmetic and social interactions rather than operations that underlie broad stages of development
Case sees heteronomous morality as more important than autonomous morality
Case integrates the child’s emotional life and unconscious drives with cognitive capacities
Case sees conceptual structures linked to specific domains such as arithmetic and social interactions rather than operations that underlie broad stages of development
77
Which of the following is a characteristic of postformal thought?:
a reliance on science and logic as compared to emotions and values in addressing a problem
an insistence on staying with a single approach to problem solving until a solution is reached
an awareness of the contradictions in life and a willingness to try to include conflicting or contradictory thoughts, emotions, and experiences in finding a solution
a preference for sticking with the tried and true rather than finding new frameworks for understanding experience
an awareness of the contradictions in life and a willingness to try to include conflicting or contradictory thoughts, emotions, and experiences in finding a solution
78
```
Which term refers to a range of processes and strategies used to assess and monitor knowledge? It includes the “feeling of knowing” that accompanies problem solving, the ability to distinguish ideas about which we are confident from those which we doubt:
preconventional morality
concrete operational thought
formal operational thought
metacognition
```
metacognition
79
According to cognitive developmental theory, what factors place individuals at risk at specific periods of the life span?:
sensory and motor delays in infancy
a lack of physical stimulation and restrictions on exploration
i(a) nstruction in which children are given rules and strategies to learn through rote memorization rather than having opportunities to invent or discover them
all of the above
all
80
```
According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the two instinctual drives that contribute to personality development?:
sexuality and shame
aggression and affiliation
sexuality and aggression
sexuality and inhibition
```
sexuality and aggression
81
```
A unique feature of psychoanalytic theory is the central contribution of _________ for shaping adults’ thoughts and behaviors:
work experiences
childhood experiences
school-related experiences
religious experiences
```
childhood experiences
82
Which of the following statements about Freud’s history is true?:
his ideas were greeted with great enthusiasm by the medical community when he first presented his theory of infantile sexuality
his early research in neurology focused on the functions of the medulla and the conduction of nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord
the primary methods that Freud used for the treatment of neurosis were hypnosis and group therapy
Freud was the founder of the Gestalt Institute
his early research in neurology focused on the functions of the medulla and the conduction of nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord
83
The ________ is a storehouse of powerful wishes, fears, and motives of which a person is not fully aware:
unconscious
preconscious
conscious
metaconscious
unconscious
84
```
Which of the following is a term that refers to sexual and aggressive forces, based on biological functions, that have an aim and an object?:
reinforcement
signs and symbols
drives
norms
```
drives
85
Which of the following statements is considered an assumption of psychoanalytic theory?:
all behavior is a result of cultural conditioning
all behavior is learned through reinforcement and instruction
all behavior except that resulting from fatigue is motivated
most behavior is a result of random factors that cannot be explained
all behavior except that resulting from fatigue is motivated
86
```
The id expresses its demands according to ______________:
the reality principle
the longitudinal method
the community’s moral standards
the pleasure principle
```
the pleasure principle
87
The word ”ego” can have two meanings. One is the reference to the self. What is the other meaning?:
all those mental functions that allow a person to take in information, evaluate it, and decide on a course of action
a primary source of unconscious drives
a mental function that punishes immoral behaviors
a capacity that functions according to primary process thought
all those mental functions that allow a person to take in information, evaluate it, and decide om a course of action
88
```
Ego operates according to the ______________ principle
pleasure
reality
community
family
```
reality
89
Which mental structure is associated with imposing standards for moral behavior?:
superego
ego
id
preconscious
superego
90
In psychoanalytic theory, how is the ego related to the id and the superego?:
the ego is mostly unconscious, pushing the id and superego into awareness
the ego tries to satisfy the id without offending the superego
the superego is the commander-in-chief, the ego is the sergeant, and the id is the private
the ego’s moral and ethical principles dictate the actions of the id
the ego tries to satisfy the id without offending the superego
91
```
During which of the stages of psychosexual development do the Oedipal and Electra complexes emerge?:
oral
anal
phallic
genital
```
phallic
92
```
During which stage of psychosexual development does a conflict typically arise that focuses on the need to satisfy bodily pleasures associated with elimination, and culturally acceptable toileting behaviors:
oral
anal
phallic
genital
```
anal
93
```
According to psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism is ___________ through which unacceptable wishes and impulses are pushed into the unconscious:
projection
reaction formation
rationalization
repression
```
repression
94
```
Beginning in childhood and continuing through adulthood, we incorporate the observable characteristics and personal values of people whom we either love, admire, or fear. This process is referred to as ______________:
unconscious priming
regression
identification
love withdrawal
```
identfication
95
Markus is a student in a graduate seminar. He tends to treat his professor in ways that are similar to the ways he interacted with his mother, possibly encouraged by the professor’s similarity in speech and mannerisms to his mother. This process is known as __________:
transference
genital envy
reaction formation
canalization
transference
96
In what ways does object relations theory extend traditional psychoanalytic theory?:
an emphasis on the infant’s ability to engage in social interactions with the mother or central caregiver
the central role of relationships and relationship disturbances in infancy for shaping subsequent personality development
the importance of relatedness rather than biological drives for later development
all of the above
all of the above
97
Which of the following is an example of how research has demonstrated the existence of unconscious processes that operate to identify and manage information?:
unconscious insight into how math problems can be solved
unconscious conflicts about sexuality and aggression that impact perception
unconscious awareness of former lives
both (a) and (b)
both a and b
98
According to Winnicott, the mental health of the individual is laid down by the quality of early comforting and care. What are the essential features of this early care?:
the care meets the parents’ daily work schedule
the infant must be placed in a car seat facing away from the parent to simulate the process of psychoanalysis
the care responds with empathy to the infant’s changing states
the care is unpredictable, preparing a child for an uncertain future
the care responds with empathy to the infant's changing states
99
Why is psychoanalytic theory included in the section on biological factors that account for development?:
the stages emerge as a result of shifting biological emphasis on various body zones
the theory emphasizes the biological basis of sexual and aggressive drives
the theory presents a universal biological organization of mental life: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious
all of the above
all of the above
100
Which of the following is the best definition of learning?:
the relatively permanent changes in behavior that occur as a result of experience
the information acquired from attendance in school
the ability to remember and recall information
activities that form habits without the need for thought
the relative permanent changes in behavior that occur as a result of experience
101
In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive response is called the ____. The natural reflexive response is called the ______________:
neutral stimulus; neutral response
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
lasting stimulus; lasting response
higher order stimulus; higher order response
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
102
```
When a bell that used to signal food is no longer followed by food, the salivation response to the bell will eventually fade. This is called _____________:
recall
extinction
repression
short-term memory
```
extinction
103
```
Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning was very similar to that of Thorndike. He found that learning is guided by which of the following?:
the role of reflexes
stimulus control
the events preceding the response
the consequences of the behavior
```
the consequences of behavior
104
```
Which term refers to the frequency and regularity with which reinforcements are given?:
extinction
generalization
continuous reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement
```
schedule of reinforcement
105
Much learning takes place because of the person’s tendency to observe and imitate others. This idea is fundamental to which theory of learning?:
social learning theory
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
trial-and-error learning
social learning theory
106
```
Which theory of learning focuses on the many internal mental activities and mental representations that influence learning?:
classical conditioning
cognitive behaviorism
operant conditioning
zone of universal proximity
```
cognitive behaviorism
107
```
Which theory of learning provides most insight into the outlook that learners have about the learning situation, including their goals, values, and their expectations about possibilities for success?:
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive behaviorism
the theory of mindfulness
```
cognitive behaviorism
108
Which statement below accurately reflects the view of the environment in social cognitive theory?:
environments are imposed and have fixed schedules of reinforcement
environments can vary from imposed to modifiable to self-constructed
because environments are so varied, they are not relevant in the learning process
knowing about the demands of the environment leads to an accurate prediction about learning and behavior
environments can vary from imposed to modifiable to self-constructed
109
```
__________ is defined as an expectation that an outcome will not be influenced by any response that a learner makes: (d)
discrimination
learned convergence
resourcefulnes
learned helplessness
```
learned helplessness
110
```
Which term refers to a set of behaviors that has a socially agreed upon function and an accepted code of norms?:
agency
family system
role
culture
```
role
111
The ideas of age norms and age constraints suggest that society has ________________:
age-graded expectations for the timing of entry into or exit from key roles
rules about licenses for specific professional roles
alternative pathways through the educational process depending on one’s family background
social and economic pressures that prevent certain groups from attaining high positions
age-graded expectations for the timing of entry into or exit from key roles
112
```
According to social role theory, ___________ is defined as a sense of difficulty meeting perceived role expectations or balancing role demands:
role enactment
role strain
reciprocal roles
role convergence
```
role strain
113
```
Cognitive complexity, social perspective taking, and interpersonal problem-solving ability can be expected to increase with the number and _________ of social roles:
similarity
diversity
age constraints
confusion
```
diversity
114
```
Which of the following roles could be characterized as “highly structured”?:
friend
neighbor
spouse
none of the above
```
none
115
```
Involvement in personal relationships and social groups contributes to the formation of _______:
social cognition
a cognitive map
cultural continuity
social identity
```
social identity
116
Winston is a full time college student who also has a 30-hour-a-week job and has volunteered to help tutor students at a nearby middle school. As the semester is coming to a close and exams are approaching, Winston is finding it difficult to meet his various obligations in a timely way. He is experiencing ___________:
role overload
role confusion
role enactment
role norms
role overload
117
```
Children who perceive high degrees of gender typicality are also likely to experience which of the following?:
gender bias
social isolation
high self-esteem
role conflict
```
high self-esteem
118
How does gender role socialization influence career choice?:
it influences a person’s values and goals, which in turn shape and influence a person’s perceptions of his or her ability
it influences career preferences
it influences a person’s right to work
both (a) and (b)
both a and b
119
In the study of Bosnian refugees, which concept from social role theory accounted for parental distress?:
inability to enact their traditional norms for the parental role in the new culture
lack of employment opportunities for adolescent children
language barriers
food shortages
inability to enact their traditional norms for the parental role in the new culture
