Midterm Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
Number of sperm per AI dose
A
2-4 billion
2
Q
Frequency of sperm recovery
A
Max 2 times a week
3
Q
Volume of ejaculate?
A
200ml
4
Q
List some advantages of AI
A
- Genetic improvemetn and introduction of new genetics
- permits crossbreeding
- Transport over long distance
- control of veneral diseases
- accurate breeding records
*
5
Q
Major risks with AI
A
In case of wrong implementation all listed advantages are turning to opposite and generate huge harm
6
Q
Boar:sow ratio
A
1:25
1 boar for 20-30 sows
7
Q
Minimum age of breeding boar
A
7,5 to 11 months
(breed dependent)
8
Q
List the AI semen collection methods
A
artificial vagina
gloved-hand-method
elctroejaculation
boar training
9
Q
Why is gloved-hand -method preferred?
A
easily observe the penis and seminal fluid
10
Q
Describe the collection process
A
grab penis after mounting of phantom. hold until ejaculation, discard the firt phase of the ejaculation, collect the second part with a filter. filter out the seminal plasma
11
Q
What are the macro and microscopic observations of the sperm
A
macroscopic: volume, color, smell
microscopic: concentration, motility, morphology
12
Q
What is the quality parameter of concentration
A
min 10^8 sperm cells per ml
13
Q
Which abnormality are more important of the sperm cells
A
head abnromalities
14
Q
Different ways to evaluate the sperm
A
- In Burker (makler) chamber under microscope with heated plate
- concentration with photometry (spermacue)
- spermac or eosin-nigrosi staining
- CASA: computer assisted sperm analysis
- fluorescent dyes, flow cytometry
15
Q
Steps of liquid sperm concervation
A
- origin ejaculate
- filtration
- sperm evalutation
- determination of dilution
- dilution
- manifacture of sperm dose (80-100ml)
- trasnport at 16degrees
- storage at 16 degrees
16
Q
Steps of AI in sow
A
- clean the vulva
- insertion of insemintaion pipette (pointed upwards)
- connect with spermbottle
- deposit into the cervix
17
Q
Describe the semen bottles
A
IMV cochettes: plastic bags
tubes (coloured)
vials with coloured caps
semen dyes
18
Q
Describe the insemination pipettes
A
spirettes
foam tip
super tip
catheter for deep intrauterine insemination
19
Q
When would a deep intrauterine insemination be administered?
A
when there is a reduced number of spermatozoa
20
Q
Timing of insemination in early estrus?
A
- AI: 36-24h
- AI: 12-16h
- (12-16h)
21
Q
Timing of insemination during normal estrus (Day5)
A
- 12h
- 12-16h
22
Q
Timing of insemination on late estrus (6-7)
A
- immediately
- (12-16h)
23
Q
Industrial pig breeding - important points
A
- increasing effectivity - feeding, management, animal health, buildings, automatization
- priority - decreasing production costs
- mass production - cheap pork prices
- obligation of environment protection
24
Q
Farm management - important points
A
- group wise management: all in all out (animals are moved in groups)
- labour management
- animal health advantages
- all production phases under group wise structure
25
What to think of during reproductive management?
proper rearing of breeding gilts
proper regrouping of gilts
searching for gilts in heating, estrous syncronisation
AI with "on farm" or purchaased sperm
farowing
weaning
rearing
AI of multiparous sows
26
what is the first step of group wise reproduction management?
estrous synchronisation
27
What is a precondition to produce homogenous and fattening pigs?
estrous synchronization
28
How can we use endocrine intervention
synchronise follicle maturation
matured graafinan follicles in all gilts before induction of ovulation - LH surge
follicle rupture in all gilts at the same time
29
From when an we see estrous symptoms post weaning
from the 4th day
30
on what day is heat post weaning?
5th day
31
on what day is the ovulation post weaning?
day 6
32
Which products can be used to synchonise the puberal gilts?
synthetic progestagenes
altrenogest (steroidal progestin)
33
What will altrenogest do?
Suppress estrus in animals to facilitate induction of normal estrous cycle activity. to make synchronisation possible
it will simulate the luteal phase and all antral follicles under 5mm will be blocked
34
What is given after altrenogest has stopped the cycle?
endogene GnRH or exogene eCG
35
How will endogen GnRH and exogen eCG affect the sow/gilt?
stimulate follicle growth and maturation
onset of estrous, preovulatory LH surge and ovulation
36
When will ovulation occure after reciving eCG in
- sows
- gilts
* sow: 72h
* gilts: 78-80h
37
How is the insemination done after the e(h)CG/GnRH ovulation occurs
1st: at 24h after giving the hormones, the sperm survives for 6h
2nd: 8-12h oocyte lifespan, sperm is viable for 6 hours after this
the ovulation duration is between 2-12h
38
Synchronization + programmed AI gilts
15d altrenogest application PO
24h later eCG IM
78-80h later hCG/GnRH IM
24-26h after hCG/GnRH 1st AI
38-40h after hCG/GnRH 2nd AI
39
synchronization + programmed AI sows
4 week long suckling
weaning
24h later eCG
72h later hCG/GnRH
24-26h post hCG/HnRH 1st AI
38-40h post hCG/GnRH 2nd AI
40
What will fixed time AI, if prepared professionally ensure?
high ferilization rate
overall optimization of reproductive performance in industrial pig production
41
at what age does infantile ovaries appear
6months
42
how does the juvenile ovary look like?
almost shaped like an ovary just before ovulation
43
Can we breed animals that have juvenile ovaries?
yes, but we shouldnt
can induce ovulation by using a mix of eCG and hCG
44
When should the gilt be inseminated?
at her first heating (after silent heat) or at her 2nd or 3rd if she hasnt reached 60% of adult weight
45
What is the largest group of pigs that can be put together?
8-10
46
What problems can mycoestrogens, fusrium toxins cause in the sow?
ovarian cysts (small, large, multiplex)
47
name nutritional disorders of reproduciton
mycotoxin: follicular cyst, luteal cyst
48
theoretical overview: fertilization
sperm attachment
sperm penetration
pronucleus ormation and syngamie
49
theory: cleavage
2 cell embry to morula stage
50
theory: early embryonic development
blastocyst formation
zona hatching
intrauterine migration and spacing
51
theory: implantation
conceptus expansion
implantation
placentation
52
how many days does it take for the morula to develop?
3-4 days
53
when will the embryo enter the uterus? (post ovulation)
50-56h post ovulation
54
intrauterine migration
after hatching the blastocyst attatches to the maternal uterine epithelium
embryos are near to the tip of the uterine horn untl day 6 and will start to migrate after
55
how long does migration and uterine spacing last?
until day 12
56
growing fetus process
fast!
2mm on day 10
10mm on day11-12
2-3hours later on day 11-12 it is 30-40mm
gors by 30-40mm per hour
57
ectoderm develops into
skin, hair, mammary gland, nervous system
58
mesoderm develops into
heart, blod vessels, kidney, bone, muscles, reproductive organs, connective tissue, adipose tissue
59
endoderm develops into
liver, pancreas, epithelilal layer of GI, respiratory system
60
pregnancy checking
visual and endocrine methods
61
visual pregnancy check
behaviour
ultrasound
62
pregnancy check: endocrine methods
maternal and embryonal hormone production
* the morula and blastocyst will produce E1
* high P4
63
other methods than visual to check for pregnancy
palpate the uterine artery - it will be large if the pig is pregnant
histiological sample from the vagina - thicknes of the epitelial layer
64
wht happens if you give a pregnat pig PGF2a IM?
she will farrow 24h later
65
What are the three phases of farrowing
1. preparation
2. birth
3. final phase - birth of placenta
66
phase one of farrowing
the preparation
milk droplets in the teats
eat less feeding more times
hard abdomnial wall, lateral position, standing up and laying down
slightly reduced body temperature
cervical opening, reddening, amniotic fluid
67
second phase of the farrowiing
birth
frquent contractions
comes from uterine horns, will take 10-30min
68
how long does the farrowing last?
2-8h
69
how long will the third phase of farrowing last and what happens
birth of the placenta can occur between 1-5 hours after birth
lochia 1-2days
beginning of involution
70
What is lochia?
lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.
71
important things to do with newborn piglets
aspirate fluid form nasal cavity and mouth if needed
disinfection of umilical chord
make sure they get colostrum
heat them
72
what is the vets duty with newborn piglets
* On d 2 Ferro-daxtrane injection to prevent anaemie, (tail shortening)
* D 7 to 10 castration(disorders are visible i.e. hernia, abdominal testis)
* From d 14 castration in local anesthaesia
* (In adults general anesthaesia)
73
How many days PP does it take for the sow to reach cyclic function and fertilization ability?
28-40days
74
When can heat be detected after weaning?
4-5 days (proper weaning)
75
How long should the piglets atleast suckle?
4weeks for proper involution
76
Involution processes
lactation against ovarian acivity
myometrial contractions: exit of placenta, lochia, vessels under compression, rapid reduction of length and diameter of uterus
77
Who mainly have problems during farrowing?
primiparous sows/gilts - first time giving birth
78
what are some problems that can occur in the farrowing unit?
contractions become weaker after 7-8piglets
it takes 30-40min between each piglet - could be stuck in the bifurcation or cervix
sow can be aggressive
more piglets than teats
agalactia
MMA(PPDS)
79
Control work of the vet with breedin sows
hygiene
order of labour, rotation (all in- all out)
stage of installed equipment
storage fo feed sample
wening not before w4
AI
conditions of involution and reertilization
80
techniques of weaning in mid sized farms
intermittent suckling from 3-4weeks, piglets gets taken away every day for a few hours
kinder garden: from 3w farrowing cages are openly connected
81
General features of the GI of the pig
monogastric animal
simple small intestine
spiral large intestine
82
How do we perform clinical examination of the oral cavity?
NEVER do it
they will bite you
endoscopic? noway they will just eat it
83
What do you think of if the pig is producing excessive amount of saliva or foamy saliva?
1. infectious decises like rabies! check for vesicles
2. non infectious: physicla chemical causes
3. bacterial disease
4. fungal diseases
5. miscellaneous diseases
84
Infectious viral disease that causes vesicles
foot and mouth disease
swine vesicular disease
vesicular exanthema of swine
vesicular stomatitis
85
Where can you find vesicle formation on the pig?
snout
oral mucosa
hoof
86
What are some physico-chemical causes of vesicle formation?
heat effect
acids and alkalziers
87
important bacterial diseases occuring in or around the oral cavity of the pig?
necrobacillosis
actinobacillosis
stachybotryotoxicosis
Greasy pig disease
88
Whic bacteria often affects nursing piglets, causing teeth reduction?
necrobacillosis
89
Actinobacillus in swine
Sows have it on their tonisls, it can affect the piglets thorugh the air - pneumonia - often sudden death
90
If you see a pig with necrotic are on the snout, mouth, nipples. Which bacteria do you hink of?
Stachyobotryotoxicosis
91
How does pigs get stachyobotryotoxicosis?
by eating hay (rare now)
92
What bacteria is responsible for the greasy pig disease?
Staphylococcus hyicus
93
Clinical signs of staphylococcus hyicus
The skin along the flanks the belly and between the legs changes to a brown colour gradually involving the whole of the body. The skin becomes wrinkled with flaking of large areas. It progresses to a dark greasy texture and in severe cases turns black
94
Fungal diseases of pigs affecting the oral cavity
Candida albicans
stachybotris atra (toxin)
95
What can cause tonsillitis/ tonsillitis be a sign of?
Aujeszky's disease
swine fever
anthrax
swine vesicular disease
96
What is sialodentis
inflammation of the salivary glands
97
What can cause sialodentitis in swine?
vitamin A deficiency
SVD (swine vesicular disease)
98
What clinical signs occur when there are issues with the oral cavity?
salivation
dysphagia
weight loss
99
What is the first thing to be done if there is sign of pharyngeal dysfunction or one sided paralsis?
exlude the possibiliy of rabies infection
100
whihc nerve cuases pharyngeal dysfunction?
N.hypoglossus
101
How can pharynx obstruction occur?
foregin bodies: often iatrogenic, tube feeding gone worng
obstruction by feed: too large particles
102
What can be done if a swine hva paryngeal obstruction?
emetics, endoscopy or even surgery ina valuable boar
103
Which virus can cause pharyngeal paralysis?
Lyssavirus
104
How is pharyngeal pouch obtruction treated?
per os antibiotics
105
Mention the main swine gastric diseases
1. Gastric ulceration
2. gastric dilatiation
3. gastric torsion
4. foreign body in the stomach
5. gastritis
106
Causes for gastric dilatiation
result of overeating, social ranking
failure of dry matter intake - technology failure, social ranking
107
How does gastric torsion occur
it usually occurs in sows
change of feeding
restlessness
108
What can happen when gastric torsion goes unnoticed?
if the torsion stop the blood flow of the stomach it can lead to necorsis of the stomach and eventually death
109
In what kind of pigs does foreign bodies most often occur?
backyard farming and pasture kept sows. They eat stones
110
what foregin body beside sotnes can be found in the stomach of pigs?
zootrichobezoars
111
What is gastritis
inflammation of the sotmach, either the whole stomach or the mucosal membranes
112
What can cause gastritis
chemical or physical causes: irritative agents, foregin bodies
kidney failure, damage: uremai leading to ulceration
Infectious diseases
113
What infectious diseases can lead to gastritis?
TGE: transmissible gastro enteritis (coronavirus)
salmonellosis
swine fever, ASF, Köves disease
oedematic disease by clostridia
114
What parasitic disease can cause gastritis?
hyostrongylus rubidus
115
What nutritonal causes do we have for gastric ulcers?
nutritional imbalance: causing pH gardient decrease between cardia and fundus
particle size of feed: not bigger than 600-700 micrometer
heat damage of granulated feed
vitamin E or zinc deficiency
hunger
abscence of dry matter: feed refusal or ill animals
116
bacterial, fungal and environemntal factors causing gastric ulcers
bacterial: helicobacter suis/pyloris, fusobacterium
vomitoxin, mycotoxin
stress
117
Cinical signs of gastric ulceration
anemia
decreased appetite, teeth grinding
melenia
weight loss
regurgitation (healed ulcer)
118
Drugs that can be used to protect the stomach from ulceration
H2 receptor antagonist - cimetidine, ranitidine
proton pump inhibitor - omeprazole
prostaglandin E
119
supplements that can be given to prevent gastric ulceration?
kaolin, pectines, sucralfate: cover the mucosa, anti-irritant
U vitamin (methyl methionine)
sunflower hull
120
Differential diagnosis to clinical signs of gastric ulceration?
ulcer as a part of systemic infection
erysipelas, streptococcus septicaemia, slmonellosis
121
7 diseases of intestines in swine
1. Congenital diorders
2. Dislocation of the intestine
3. Herniation
4. Ileus
5. Dilation of the intestine
6. Constipation
7. Enteritis
122
congential disorders of the intestine
atresia ani
- failure of perforation of the membrane separating endometrial hindgut from ectodermal anal membrane
persisten merkels diverticulum: usually euthanised
123
What can dislocation of the intesines be?
torsion of the intestine
prolapse of the rectum
124
torsion of the intestine: what can be the causes?
abnormal peristalsis or content
abnormal movements of the animal
adhesions, ligaments in the abdomnial cavity
125
what is a differential diagnosis to torsion of the intestine?
Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome
126
What can be the cause of prolapse of rectum?
genetically predisposed
result of enhanced intestinal motility
mycotoxicosis
increased abdomnial mucle contraction: couging, urolithiasis
127
Wht are the consequences of a prolapsed rectum
bleeding, cannibalism, stricture
128
What are the differential diagnosis of prolapsed rectum?
diarrhea
coughing
pilin (low temp)
zearalenone (mycotoxin)
floor design(floped floors)
antibiotics(lincomycin, tylosin)
inherited predisposition
post/prepartum
tenesums associated diseases
129
What are the most common herniations?
umbilical
Ingiunal
Perineal
130
What can cause ileus?
congenital disorders
obturation
compression
functional stenosis
stricture
131
What is stricture
abnromal narrowing
132
What can be an acquired stricture?
abscess, haematom tumor
133
What is a primary megacolon?
lack of plexus myentericus - innervation problems also known as Hirschprungs disease
134
Secondary megacolon
occuring from something that is narrowing the pelvic inlet
chronic proctitis
chornic peritonits
secondary to rectal prolapse
135
Constipation in sows
after farrowing
after surgey, c-section
nutriotonal: lack of fiber
136
constipatoin in other than sows and different ages
fever, lack of water
137
How is constipation treated?
with paraffin, MgSO4 - magnesium sulphate
138
What are the main causes of enteritis?
external causes
internal causes
secretional problems
osmotic problems
exudative
altered motility
139
What external causes can cause enteritis?
nutrients
plant toxins
mycotoxins
irritative agents
medication
pathogens
140
what internal causes can cause enteritis?
constipation
metabolic problems
dysbiosis
141
in which case can problems with secretion cause ulceration?
too much secretion: diarrhea
enterotoxameia: E.coli, clostridum
viral: corona, rota and parvovirus
142
How long time does it take for the parv virus to go from the pase of the villi to the tip?
72h
143
Where on the villi does the
Parvo, rota and corona virus attach themself?
Parvo: base
Cornoa: middle
Rota: top
144
How can enteritis be due to osmotic reasons?
it can cause malabsorption
if the osmotic concentration of the lumen is too high it can cause diarrhea
145
Exudative causes of enteritis
organism in the lumen - bacterial, viral
neutrophil granulocyte, body reacts to the organism
146
What virus has a different time infecting according to age?
E. coli
ETEC, EPEC
neonatal: 1-4days old
Post weaning 2-3 weeks after weaning
147
ETEC?
enterotoxigenic E.coli
148
EPEC
enteropathogenic E.coli
149
Why is age important when considering diarrhea?
indicate what pathogen
150
pathogenesis of enteritis
acute or chrnoic atarrhal enteritis/colitis
bloody enteritis colitis
membranous enteritis/colitis
necrotic enteritis/colitis
proliferative enteritis/colitis
151
Clinical signs of enteritis, what to look for
content of faeces: blood or mucous
unfermented feed
melena
pH
frequency
restlessness, fever
152
what bacteria can be the causative agent of enteritis if there is blood present in the faeces?
clostridium perfringens type C
lawsonia intracellularis
153
What bacteria can be the causative agent of enteritis if the feaeces is mucoid?
bracyspira spp
salmonella
trichuris suis
154
what can be the cause when there is melenia?
gastric ulcers
155
What is the scores and duration when the diarhea is severe? (%)
faceal score: \>2.5
20% diarrhea
more than 5 days
156
Why is ORT given in case of diarrhea?
oral rehydration therapy
energy soruce, stabilize the water household, supply minerals
157
what are some important content of ORT?
glucose
sodium chloride!
potassium citrate!
potassium dihydrogen phosphate!
glycine
citric acid
158
What are some alternatives to AB
probiotics
phytobioticum
biocides
essential oild
orgnaic acids
159
What vaccines are available against enteritis?
PPE: lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis)
160
Mention some notifiable diseases gibing a high fever?
CSF and ASF
161
Mention a disease that gives a high fever, but is not notifiable
erysipelas
162
is erysipelas zoonotic?
yes
163
What signs can be seen in actinobacillus infection
notifiable?
zoonotic?
high fever and cough, pneumonia
not notifiable
not zoonotic
164
what amount of weightloss is noteworthy in the nursery
10-20g daily
165
What does SRDC stand for?
Swine respiratory isease complex
166
Porcine respiratory and reproductive virus - importance
highly contageous, spread through air
notifiable in hungary
167
How can we see circovirus infections?
different growth of piglets, hair keeps growing
168
How can we see the Aujeszky's disease infections?
sows abort
piglet clinical nervous signs
respiratory problems
169
B1- fumonisin toxins clinical signs
heavy breathing - inspirational
170
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonei clinical signs
high fever
rapid course of disease
bloody ffoamy nasal discharge
171
Where can you hear the heartbeat of a pig?
left only
3-4th intercostal space - shoulder line
172
congenital heart diseases of swine
rare! culled if occurence
tricuspid dysplasia
atrial septal defect
persistent, common atrioventricular channel
173
List some aquired heart diseases
bacterial endocarditis
diseases of the myocardium
diseases of the pericardium
vascular diseases
174
What bacteria cause endocardiits
erysipelotrix rhusipathiae
streptococcus sp
coynebacterium pyogenes
staphylococcus sp
E.coli
175
clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis
apathy
anorexia
fever
chronic weight loss
cyanosis
tachypnea
dyspnea
coughing
176
Viral diseases of the myocardium
foot and mouth disease
parvovirus in piglets
PRSS
encephalomyocarditis
177
nutrition causing diseases of the myocardium
vitamin E/selenium deficiency: mulberry heart disease
178
Toxins causing myocardial disease
Se, As, Hg, laslocide, alinomycin, monensin
179
Bacteria that can cause pericarditis?
Actinobacillus
Haemophillus parasuius - glassers disease
mycoplasma hyorhiinis
s.suis
180
Vlinical signs of pericarditis
CNS
fibrinous exudate in body cavities
brohopneumonia
skin cyanosis
vasculitis
septicaemia
181
What can cause swine vascular diseases?
bacterias and viruses
182
Which bacterial can cause vascular diseases
Actinobacillus
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Escherchia coli
haemophilus parasuis
leptospira interrogans
streptococcus suis
salmonella
183
What viruses can cause vascular diseases?
ASF
CSF
ovine herpesvirus 2
Porcine circovirus 2
PRRSV
184
What can be seen on the pig if there are vascular problems?
skin problems may occur
185
What are the anemias that are found in the pig
blood loosing anemia
hemolytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
methaemoglobinaemia
186
Blood losing anemia, reasons
bleeding gastric ulcer
parasitic infection
187
what parasites are the causative agents for blood losing anemia?
strongylidosis
ascariosis
Hyostrongylus rubidus
trichuris suis
188
What can cause hemolytic anemia?
immunohemolytic anaemia
Bacterias: M haemosuis, cytomegalovirus and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
189
Occurence of iron deficiency anemia in piglets
in piglets of fast developing breeds
190
What is the etiology of iron deficiency anemia
sow milk + Fe reseve of piglets from mother = 50% of total requirement
191
What are the clinical signs of severe Fe deficency?
clinical anemia at 6-14 days of age
porcelain piglets
tachypnea
weakness
squash to death
192
clinical signs and sequela of mild Fe deficiency
subclinical anemia t 1-4 weeks
decreased general resistance (depressed immune system)
secondary diseases
retarded growth
poor effectivity of fattening
193
How can severe iron deficiency anemia be diagnosed?
obvious clinical signs
194
What can be seen on the blood parameters in subclinical Fe deficiency?
Hb --
Ht --
reticulocyte ++
195
What can be seen in the plasma of mild Fe anemia?
Fe concentration -- /Fe binding capacity ++
utility index --
196
How is iron deficiency prevented and treated?
Parenteral Fe: injections of iron dextran/fumarate/glutamate (150-200 mg/piglets IM)
Per oral Fe replacemtn: within 12h after birth, give ferrous sulphate, iron dextrane/galactane
197
What can cause methemoglobinemia?
air filters that use nitrate porducing bacteria to filter the air, nitrate accumulation
198
What will nitrie do to the blood?
it will oxidize Fe2+ ion within the hemoglobin molecule into Fe3+
failure of oxygen transpir
199
Clinical signs of methemoglobinemia
sudden onset
blue discoloration of mucosal membranes and skin
cyanosis
chocolate-brown blood, failure of coagulation
200
treatment of methemoglobinaemia
methylene blue
vitamin A and C pos
oxygen therpay
201
Metabolic diseases in swine
Hyper/hypovitaminosis
Hypoglycaemia
Porcine stress syndrome
202
Is hyper or hypovitaminosis most common?
hypervitaminosis is rare
203
Which vitamins are most often in hypo
The fat soluble vitamins
204
A- hypovitaminosis comes together with
b-carotene deficiency
205
What can be seen when there is a lack of vitamin A?
reproductive disorders
* cycling activity, no estrus or pregnancy
* immunesupression
* dermatitis, exudative
206
What happens if there is hypovitaminosis of A during pregnancy
teratogenic - fetus are blind, problemswith brain tissue growth and locomotr
207
What can cause A vhypovitaminosis beside nutritoanl or absorptional reasons?
ascarisis. the worm will compete woth the host for the vitamin
208
E Hypovitaminosis goes together with
selenium deficiency
209
What nutritonal components can cause problems for vitamin E
when there are very high components of polyunsaturated fatty acids
cupper, vitamin A or mycotoxins
thye will dmage the vitamin E molecule or simply decrease their bioavailability
210
Name three diseases that can occur due to E hypovitaminosis
Mulberry heart disease
hepatosis dietica
white muscle disease
211
How do you describe the mulberry heart disease? (necroscopy)
alternating areas of necrosis and haemorrhages throughout the myocardiu, fluid and fibrin in the pericardium, fluid in thorax
212
How cn you describe hepatosis dietica? (necrosis)
alternating areas of necrosis and hemorrhage onthe liver, some lobes can be swollen, gall bladder edema
the unstability of lipid membrnae affect the heart and liver i high degree
213
K hypovitaminosis clinical signs
coagulopathu
bleeding all over the bpdy
pale skin, hemtomas throughout the body
214
What causes hypoglycaemia in piglets? (2-4) days
they are born with minimal liver glycogen and no brown fat tissue - they have low enrgy and are not very good at regulating their temperatur
so they ahve a low bodyweight but a large surface area which leads to heat loss, and the efforts to keep the piglet warm leads to quick depletion of the energy reserves. it the piglets dont recieve enough maternal milk becuase a lack of production or they have an inability to suckle - this will lead t hypoglycaemia
215
What are the clinical signs of hypoglycaemia?
ataxia
recumbency
anorexia
low body temperature
seizures
ophistotonus
coma
216
Treatment of hypoglycaemia in piglets
keep them warm
give them glucose solution per os/artificial feeding with formulas
or give them 10-15ml 10% glucos intraperitoneal
217
What is the origin of PSS?
genetic
ryanodin receptor mutation - homozygos recessive animals are susceptible
218
what is PSS
Overreaction to stress, abnormal amount of muscle contractions in response to normal impulses
219
what are the basic forms of PSS?
sudden death (peracute)
malignant hyperthermia
back muscle necrosis - loalized
PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat
220
How can PSS be treated?
cooling with cold water, 50-100 ml Ca gluconate im. can be tried
221
Prevention of PSS
genetics: keep the herd free from the gene, breed them with heterozygos ones
stress free environmetn
strsnil inj (azaperone) before regourping or transport
selenium and vit E supplementation
222
Locomotor diseases that can occur in piglets and fattening pigs?
Splay leg - piglets
rickets
223
Causes of splay leg?
unclear - environmental, stress at farrowing, low birth weigh, genetics (landrace) F2 toxins
224
what are the conequences of splayleg?
unability to suckle, trampling - increased mortality in the farrowing stable
225
Treatment to splay leg?
bind the hindlegs together for 48-72h
226
Etiology of rickets?
deficency of calcium, phosphprous or vitamin D
imbalance of their concentration: fast growth
227
Pathogenesis of rickets
disturbance of mineralisation of long bones (increase dPTH) - especially in growth plates
long bones widen and thicken, growth plates are irregular
osteoclast activity increase, osteoblast will decrease
228
clinical signs of rickets
stuntet growtn and lameness due to bent joint
229
necroscopy findings of animals affected by rickets
numerous healing fractures
ribs bend before breaking
growth plates are thickened irregular surface
230
locomotor disorders in breeding sows
osteoporosis
osteochondrosis
epiphyseolysis
arthritis
231
Osteoporosis metabolic origin
Ca, P and vitamin D deficiency
energy/protein deficiency
during lactation PTH mobilizes Ca from the bones to provide for milk production
232
Pathogenesis of osteoporosis
increased PTH leading to bone weight decrese, thin porous bones which easily fractures
233
clinical signs of osteoporosis
stiff gait or sudden severe lameness, weakness or paralyisis of the hindquarters
fractures of the pelvis, femur or lumbosacral vertebrae
234
necroscopy findings of osteoporosis
trabecular bone are decreased - often se femoral neck fracture
corticalis bones thickness will decrease
articular cartilage and physis is intact
235
how can it be seen that the cortical bone thickness is decreaseing?
transverse cut of the 6th rib. then if the amount of cortex compared to the total surface are is smaller than 0.2 meaning less than 20% it is decrased
236
Diagnosis of osteoporosis
cortical bone thickness estimation
measurment of bone density
237
how can osteoporosis be prevented?
nutrition
238
Define osteochondrosis
disturbance of endochondral ossification
ususallt affects multiple joints
239
where can osteochondosis lesions be found?
on the growth plates and the epiphyseal cartilage of the articular epiphyseal cartilage complex
240
Etiology of osteochondrosis
multifactorial
disturbance of the blood vessels supporting the growing cartilage
genetic backgourn
rapid growth - closing of growth plates depends on age, not body weight
nutrition
241
predisposing factors to osteochondrosis
rapid weight gain
ad libitium feeding of gilts, early breeding
strain associated with breeding or transportation
242
clinical signs of osteochondrosis
lameness, multiple limbs
dog-like sitting posture (detachemnt of tuber ischii
paralysis of hindquarter (bilateral detachment of the head of the femur)
243
What is osteochondrosis dissecans
bone underneath the cartilage of a joint dies due to lack of blood flow. This bone and cartilage can then break loose, causing pain and possibly hindering joint motion.
244
How does ostechondoris occur
when, due to blood loss there has been a necrotized area of the cartilage where endochondral ossification does not occur - osteochondrosis manifesta and if a trauma happens the necrotized are will be covered by articualr cartilage
245
Etiology of epiphyseolysis
separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis due to the formation of a horizontal fissure thorugh an abnormal physis
246
etiology of arthritis
can be non-infectious or infectious
247
non-infectious arthritis is divided into two groups
erosion forming arthritis and non-erosion forming arthritis
248
pathogenesis of erosion forming arthritis?
IgG or IgM antibodies+antigens+complemet, anti-ollagen antiboddies, cartilage erosiion, proliferative synovitis, pannus formaiton then arthritis chronica deformans
immune complezes will attach to the articular synovial membranes causing erosions, callus formation and synovitis
249
causes of erosion forming arthtis
piglets overfed with protein, abnormal intestinal flora - clostridium perfringens A
250
What can cause a non-erosion-forming arthritis
secondary after a systemic infection
lupus, pyometra, dirofiliaris, endocaridits
251
Pathogenesis of non-erosion-forming arthritis
immune complexes attaches to synovial blood vessels, thickening of the synovial membranes
252
Bacterias as causitve agents for bacterial arthrits - mainly
erysipelas
streptococcus
haemophilus parasius
mycoplasma
253
M. hyorhinis affects
3-10 week old or young aduls
254
M. hyosynovia affects
3-6months ol animals
255
What is the most common hoof disorder?
septic laminitis also known as bush foot
256
pathogenesis of bush foot
could be techincal problems: floor, farrowing crate is too small or there is a biotin deficiency
penetrating injury to the sole - locus minoris
inflammation or swelling of the hoof
soft tissue inflammaiton
257
how can foot rot be treated?
at a herd level: foot bath, copper sulphate
258
