MIDTERM: AGENTS OF YEAST Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
YEAST fungi can be classified into one of two groups:
A
yeasts and yeastlike fungi
2
Q
Isolates that reproduce sexually, either by forming ascospores or basidiospores
A
Yeast
3
Q
not capable of sexual
reproduction or whose sexual state has not yet been discovered
A
Yeastlike fungi
4
Q
Most common recognized yeast pathogens
A
Candida spp.
5
Q
species most commonly isolated from clinical material
A
Candida albicans
6
Q
Since Candida spp. are a part of the normal flora in the _______, infections generally occur as the result of an opportunity
A
GI tract, mucous membranes and skin
7
Q
Invasive disease by Candida spp. Develops when the host defenses are _____
A
compromised
8
Q
_________ as a result of disease (e.g. AIDS) or treatment with high dose chemotherapy are common risk factors
A
Diabetes, immunosuppressive disease or therapy and neutropenia
17
Q
Bloodstream infections including _______, are fostered by the use of indwelling vascular lines
A
fungal endocarditis
19
Q
All candida spp. exist as _______
A
oval yeastlike forms that produce buds or blastoconidia
21
Q
Candida spp. produce hyphae and pseudohyphae except for _____
A
Candida glabrata
23
Q
notable consume of sugar
TREHALOSE (second most common species of Candida)
A
C. glabrata
25
Q
Usually from the people who drools while asleep (e.g. infants)
A
ANGULAR CHEILITIS (PERLECHE)
26
Q
With the presence of the saliva in that area, that tissue would
become soft allowing the candida to infect the area
A
Lateral fissure
27
Q
occurs as fungal infectiion on esophagus
A
Esophagitis
28
Q
may have dysphagia as a result for painful lesions
A
Esophagitis
29
Q
Occurs more frequently as esophagitis and less commonly as gastritis
A
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis
30
Q
Erosive lesions of the distal esophagus and stomach resulting in substernal pain which is aggravated by swallowing
A
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis
31
Q
Fungal Infection in the vagina
A
Vulvovaginitis
32
Q
The vagina naturally contains a balanced mix of yeast (Candida) and bacteria.
A
Vulvovaginitis
33
Q
____ act to prevent an overgrowth of yeast
A
Lactobacillus
34
Q
But when the balance is disrupted hence the overgrowth of Candida or the fungus causes the signs and symptoms of yeast infection
A
Vulvovaginitis
35
Q
Vulvovaginitis Factors:
A
- Antibiotic
- Pregnancy ( HIGH ESTROGEN = GLYCOGEN )
- Uncontrolled diabetes ( INC GLUCOSE)
- Impaired immune system
36
Q
Vulvovaginitis discharge:
A
cottage cheese- vaginal discharge
37
Difficult to diagnose because this yeast are frequently recovered from the urine as a result of vaginal contamination or colonization of the bladder in patients with indwelling catheters
Urinary Tract Infection
38
Severe infection of the upper urinary tract, including ______, a serious complication that occurs particularly in patients who have obstructive uropathy
necrosis of the renal papillae
39
Involves sources other than the skin or mucous membranes
INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS
40
Most invasive infections caused by Candida albicans result in bloodstream invasion with hematogenous spread of the organism
INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS
41
isolation of Candida spp. from at
least one blood culture specimen with hematogenous spread of the yeast to one or more organs
Candidemia
42
Fungal infection of the nails
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
43
Infection is frequently due to dermatophyte while non dermatophyte (NDM’s) such as Candida spp.
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
44
Attributed especially in immunocompromised patients
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
45
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
If dermatophyte is the cause- ____
Tinea unguium
46
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
Non-dermatophyte- _____
Candidal onychomycosis
47
Infection of the skin around the fingernail or toenail
PARONYCHOMYCOSIS
48
The infection area can become swollen, red and painful, and a pus-filled blister (abscess) may form
PARONYCHOMYCOSIS
49
Common infection among immunocompetent individual
INTERTRIGINOUS CANDIDIASIS
50
Commonly seen in the axillae, groin, inter and submammary
folds, intergluteal folds, interdigital spaces and umbilicus
INTERTRIGINOUS CANDIDIASIS
51
INTERTRIGINOUS CANDIDIASIS
Factors:
- Moisture
- Heat
- Friction
- Maceration of the skin
52
CANDIDAL DIAPER DERMATITIS
53
Usually from the people who drools while asleep (e.g. infants)
ANGULAR CHEILITIS (PERLECHE)
54
With the presence of the saliva in that area, that tissue would become soft allowing the candida to infect the area.
Lateral fissure
55
occurs as fungal infectiion on esophagus
Esophagitis
56
may have dysphagia as a result for painful lesions
Esophagitis
57
Occurs more frequently as esophagitis and less commonly as gastritis
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis
58
Erosive lesions of the distal esophagus and stomach resulting in substernal pain which is aggravated by swallowing
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis
59
Fungal Infection in the vagina
Vulvovaginitis
60
The vagina naturally contains a balanced mix of yeast (Candida) and bacteria.
Vulvovaginitis
61
______ act to prevent an overgrowth of yeast
Lactobacillus
62
But when the balance is disrupted hence the overgrowth of Candida or the fungus causes the signs and symptoms of yeast infection
Vulvovaginitis
63
Vulvovaginitis
Factors:
- Antibiotic
- Pregnancy ( HIGH ESTROGEN = GLYCOGEN )
- Uncontrolled diabetes ( INC GLUCOSE)
- Impaired immune system
64
Vulvovaginitis discharge
Cottage cheese- vaginal discharge
65
Difficult to diagnose because this yeast are frequently recovered from the urine as a result of vaginal contamination or colonization of the bladder in patients with indwelling catheters
Urinary Tract Infection
66
Severe infection of the upper urinary tract, including _________, a serious complication that occurs particularly in patients who have obstructive uropathy
necrosis of the renal papillae
67
Involves sources other than the skin or mucous membranes
INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS
68
Most invasive infections caused by Candida albicans result in bloodstream invasion with hematogenous spread of the organism
INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS
69
isolation of Candida spp. from at
least one blood culture specimen with hematogenous spread of the yeast to one or more organs
Candidemia
70
Fungal infection of the nails
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
71
Infection is frequently due to dermatophyte while non dermatophyte (NDM’s) such as Candida spp.
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
72
Attributed especially in immunocompromised patients
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
73
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
If dermatophyte is the cause- ___
Tinea unguium
74
OONCHONYCHOMYCOSIS
Non-dermatophyte-
Candidal onychomycosis
75
Infection of the skin around the fingernail or toenail
PARONYCHOMYCOSIS
76
The infection area can become swollen, red and painful, and a
pus-filled blister (abscess) may form
PARONYCHOMYCOSIS
77
Common infection among immunocompetent individual
INTERTRIGINOUS CANDIDIASIS
78
Commonly seen in the axillae, groin, inter and submammary
folds, intergluteal folds, interdigital spaces and umbilicus
INTERTRIGINOUS CANDIDIASIS
79
INTERTRIGINOUS CANDIDIASIS
Factors:
- Moisture
- Heat
- Friction
- Maceration of the skin
80
Also known as DIAPER RASH
CANDIDAL DIAPER DERMATITIS
81
Candida grows best in warm, moist such as diaper
CANDIDAL DIAPER DERMATITIS
82
More likely to occur in babies who are not kept clean and dry
CANDIDAL DIAPER DERMATITIS
83
Common in CHILDREN
CANDIDAL DIAPER DERMATITIS
84
VIRULENCE FACTORS of C. albicans:
Adhesins
Invasins
Biofilm formation
85
C. albicans invasuon process:
Adhesion
Uptake
Penetration
86
Yeast cells stick to host cells using adhesins, triggering a switch to hyphal form and growth towards the host.
Adhesion
87
Invasins facilitate host cell engulfment of the fungus through stimulated endocytosis.
Uptake
88
The combination of adhesion, physical force, and fungal enzymes may enable active penetration through host cell
barriers.
Penetration
89
Yeast cells can form biofilms on both living and non-living surfaces, consisting of yeast cells below and hyphae above
Biofilm formation
90
Additional factors:
phenotypic switching
91
Candida albicans can change its
surface features and biofilm formation abilities
phenotypic switching
92
Procurement of appropriate clinical material followed by direct microscopic examination and culture
MICROCOSCOPIC TEST
93
Scrapings of mucosal or cutaneous lesions may be examined directly after treatment with _______
10% - 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) containing calcofluor white
94
Tissue specimens, scrapings and swabs from the mouth or vagina should be inoculated unto primary fungal isolation media
______ (the presence of filamentous extension from the edges of the colony is a macroscopic indication that pseudohyphae are being produced)
with or without cycloheximide
95
In Histologic sections, all Candida spp. Stain poorly with H&E but stains well with _____
PAS, Gomori Methenamine Silver and Gridley fungus dtains
96
Used to detect the characteristic chlamydoconidia produced by C. albicans; method is satisfactory for definitive identification of C. albicans when the germ test tube appears negative
CORNMEAL TWEEN 80 AGAR
97
Morphologic features of the common Candida spp. are distinct enough to provide a presumptive identification
CORNMEAL TWEEN 80 AGAR
98
Most generally accepted and economical method used in the clinical laboratory to identify yeasts; 80% of the yeasts recovered from clinical specimens are Candida albicans.
GERM TUBE TEST
99
Provides sufficient identification of the organism within 3 hours
GERM TUBE TEST
100
hyphae-like extensions of young yeast cells showing parallel sides, aseptate and will not constrict at their point of origin
germ tube
101
Candida spp positive in germ tube test:
C. albicans
C. dubliniensis
102
germ tube test (+) C. dubliniensis @ _____
35⁰ C
103
germ tube test (+) C. Albicans @ _____
35 ⁰ C & 42 ⁰ C
104
look like germ tubes but are septate pconstricted at the point of their origin
pseudohyphae
105
produce “pseudo-germ tubes” which are constricted at the base or point of germ tube origin
Candida tropicalis
106
c. tropicalis in pseudohyphae = _____
blastoconidial germination w/ constriction
107
Most commonly used conventional definitive identification of yeasts recovered in clinical laboratory
CARBOHYDRATE ASSIMILATION TEST
108
All candida spp. use glucose in CAT
CARBOHYDRATE ASSIMILATION TEST
109
110
Colony of C. Albicans:
smooth, white, creamy, domed
colonies
112
C. albicans and other spp. may also undergo ______, in which a single strain may change reversibly among several different morphotypes
phenotypic switching
114
Most frequent infection caused by Candida albicans; presents topically as an _______, sometimes
accompanied by a creamy, white exudate or scaling
erythematous lesion of the skin
116
Moist conditions such as ______ in adults, are precursors to infectio
diaper rash in infants and infection of skin folds (intertrigo)
118
Common sites are those in groin, between fingers and toes, under the female breast and in the axilla
intertriginous candidiasis
120
Workers who immerse their hands in the water for long periods of time are also at risk for
infection of the skin of the hands, the nails _____ or the nail bed ____
onychomycosis; paronychium
122
Manifest as the appearance of creamy white patches overlying erythematous buccal mucosa
(thrush/white stuff on the mouth/white cottage-cheese like patches on the mouth);
Oral Candidiasis/Moniliasis
124
is recognised as an indicator of
immunosuppression ( HALLMARK OF FAILED IMMUNE SYSTEM )
thrush
126
Symptoms usually minimal, _____ may occur in heavy infection
dysphagia
128
______ is a common initial infection in patients with HIV and frequently is a marker of immune failure in these patients
Oral candidiasis
130
Characterized as an inflammatory condition that affects the commissures of the mouth, causing break in the tissue with redness, crusting, and scaling.
ANGULAR CHEILITIS (PERLECHE)
132
This is often caused by the accumulation of saliva in the
fissures
ANGULAR CHEILITIS (PERLECHE)
