MIDTERM BASIC Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Public Health Service (PHS) ?
A
- under department of health and human services
- offers defense against infectious diseases that might spread among the populace.
- monitor, screen, protect, and educate the public
2
Q
What is coagulation?
A
-study of the ability of blood to form and dissolve clots.
3
Q
Coagulation tests are used to do what?
A
-discover, identify, and monitor defects in the blood-clotting mechanism
4
Q
What are the two most coagulation tests?
A
- prothrombin time (PT)
* partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
5
Q
What is the most common chemistry specimen and what are the other types of specimens tested?
A
Most common: serum
Other types: plasma, whole blood, urine, and various other bloody fluids
6
Q
Hematocrit (Hct) test belongs to what tube and what department?
A
- lavender top
- Hematology Dept.
- additive: EDTA
7
Q
Reticulocyte count test belongs to what tube and what department with what additive?
A
- lavender top
- hematology dept.
- additive: EDTA
8
Q
What are the infectants of the body?
A
- microbes that are pathogenic (capable of causing disease) called pathogens
- microbes that are nonpathogenic meaning they don’t cause disease
9
Q
List the different types of infectants of the body:
A
- bacteria
- fungi
- Protozoa
- viruses
- rickettsia
- HIV
10
Q
What is the centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC) ?
A
- investigate and control various diseases especially those that are communicable and have epidemic potential
- develops guidelines and recommends safety precautions to protect healthcare workers and others from infection
11
Q
What is Healthcare Infection Control and Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC)?
A
-advices CDC on updating guidelines regarding prevention of nosocomial infections in hospitals and other healthcare facilities
12
Q
List the components of infection transmission referred to as Chain of Infection:
A
- infectious agent (germ): bacteria, fungi, Protozoa viruses
- reservoir(place): animal, human, equipment
- exit pathway (path out): blood, exudates, excretions, secretions
- means of transmission (method of spreading):airborne, contact, droplet, vector, vehicle
- entry pathway (path in): body orifices, mucous membranes
- susceptible host (next person): elderly, newborns, acute/chronically ill, immune suppressed, unvaccinated
13
Q
5 modes of transmission and examples:
A
- airborne: coughing and sneezing
- contact: touching and kissing
- droplet: mucous membranes
- vector: animal or insect
- vehicle: Food, water, drugs
14
Q
What is the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health?
A
-responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for prevention of work related injury and illnesses
15
Q
What does the joint commission do?
A
-requires every healthcare institution to have and infection control program responsible for protecting patients, employees, visitors, and anyone doing business within the healthcare institutions from infections
16
Q
What is PPE and what does it involve?
A
- personal protective equipment
- involves: gloves gowns and mask
17
Q
How is a gown removed?
A
-from the inside by sliding the arms out of the sleeves. Then held away from the body and folded wit the contaminated outside surfaces ending up inside.
18
Q
What is Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA)?
A
-mandates and enforces safe working conditions for employers
19
Q
What is Bloodborne Pathogen (BBP)?
A
-infectious microorganisms in blood and other body fluids
20
Q
What is OSHA bloodborne pathogen Standard ?
A
-regulations designed to protect employees with potential occupational exposure to pathogens found in blood or other body fluids or substances
21
Q
What were the 4 key areas of revision of the BBP standard which changed to Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act ?
A
- 1) revision and updating of the exposure control plan
- 2) employee input in selecting engineering and work practice controls
- 3) modifications of definitions relating to engineering controls
- 4) New record keeping requirements
22
Q
What are the BBP exposure routes ?
A
- 1) The skin is pierced by a contaminated needle or sharp object
- 2) Blood or other body fluid splashed into the eyes, nose, or mouth
- 3) Blood or other body fluid comes in contact with s cut, scratch or abrasion
- 4) a human bite breaks the skin
23
Q
What is Environmental Protection Agency ?
A
- regulates the disposal of hazardous waste
24
Q
What is the National Fire Protection Association ?
A
- regulates disinfectant products and the disposal of hazardous waste among other responsibilities associated with developing and enforcing regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress
25
What is the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) ?
- requires employers to maintain documentation on all all hazardous chemicals
26
What are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ?
- a written document containing general information as well as precautionary and emergency information for any product with a hazardous warning on the label
27
What are body cavities ?
- Various organs of the body are Housed in hollow spaces
28
Body cavities are divided in what two groups ?
- Dorsal and Ventral
29
What does the Dorsal Cavity include ?
- Cranial Cavity
| - Spinal Cavity
30
The cranial cavity houses what ?
-brain
31
What does the spinal cavity House ?
- encases the spinal cord
32
What does the Ventral Cavities include ?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal Cavity
- Pelvic Cavity
33
What does the thoracic cavity House ?
- Heart
| - Lungs
34
What does the abdominal cavity ?
- Stomach
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gallbladder
- Spleen
- Kidneys
35
What does the Pelvic Cavity House ?
- Urinary bladder
| - Reproductive Organs
36
How are the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity separated ?
- a muscle called the diaphragm
37
What are body systems ?
- structures and organs that are related to one another and function together
38
What is the function of the skeletal system ?
- the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, and with the muscular system provides movement and leverage.
- Also responsible for Calcium storage and hemopoiesis.
39
What are the structures of the skeletal system ?
- 206 Bones
- Joints
- Supporting connective that form the skeleton
40
What are flat bones ?
- Rib bones and most cranial bones
41
What are irregular bones ?
- Back bones (Vertebrae) and some facial bones
42
What are Long bones ?
- Leg (femur, tibia, fibula), Arm (humerus, radius, ulna), and hand bones (metacarpals, phalanges)
43
What are short bones ?
- Wrist (carpals), Ankle bones (Tarsals)
44
What are bones ?
- special type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells surrounded by hard deposits of calcium salts. They are living tissue with their own network of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
45
What are joints ?
- the junction or union between two or more bones.
46
Moveable joints have a cavity that contains viscid (sticky) colorless liquid called ?
- Synovial Fluid
47
Some joints have a small sac that is filled with synovial fluid called Bursa. What does it do ?
- helps ease movement over and around areas subject to friction such as joint parts or where tendons pass over bones
48
What does supporting connective tissue consist of ?
- fibrous connective tissue, ligaments, and a dense type of hard nonvascular connective tissue called cartilage
49
What is the function of the Muscular system ?
- gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture and produce heat. Also plays a role in organ function and blood circulation
50
What are the structures of the Muscular System ?
- includes all muscles of the body which include the three types : Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth (visceral)
51
Muscle type is determined by what ?
- location, histology (microscopic) cellular characteristics, and how muscle action is controlled
52
What is the location, Cell Characteristics And Control Action of a Smooth Muscle ?
- location: wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways
- Cell characteristics: nonstriated
- Control Action: Involuntary
53
What is the location, Cell Characteristics And Control Action of a Cardiac Muscle ?
- location: Wall of heart
- Cell characteristics: lightly striated
- Control action: Involuntary
54
What is the location, Cell Characteristics And Control Action of a skeletal muscle ?
- location: attached to bones
- Cell characteristics: heavily striated
- Control action: Voluntary
55
What is the function of the integumentary system?
- the skin and accessory structures within it form the integumentary system.
56
What is integument ?
-covering or skin
57
What is the skin and what does its function ?
- largest organ of the body
| - Covers and protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun
58
Structures within the skin help regulate what ?
- body temperature
- Eliminate small amounts of wastes through sweat, receive environmental stimuli (sensation of heat, cold, touch, pain), and manufacture vitamin D from sunlight
59
What are the structures of the integumentary system?
- skin
- Skin appendages
- Blood vessels, nerves, sensory organs
60
What are the two main layers of skin?
-epidermis and dermis
61
Epidermis is made up of what epithelial cells ?
- stratified (layered)
| - Squamous (scalelike)
62
In the epidermis the only living cells are in the deepest layer which is the only layer where mitosis occurs is called __________?
- Stratum Germinativum or stratum basale
63
In Stratum germinativum skin pigment called ________ is produced ?
Melanin
64
Cells in the Stratum Germinativum are nourished by what ?
- diffusion of nutrients from the dermis
65
As the cells divide they are pushed toward the surface where they gradually die from lack of nourishment and become ________ which helps thicken and protect the skin ?
Keratinized
66
Papillae is what ?
- Elevations of the dermis that indent the bottom of the epidermis and give rise to the ridges and grooves that form the fingerprints
67
What is the papillary dermis ?
- the dermal layer that adjoins the epidermis
68
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of what ?
- connective and adipose (fat) tissue that connects the skin to the surface muscles
69
What are the Skin Appendages of the integumentary system?
- Hair
- Hair follicles
- Arrector pili
- Nails
- Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Sudoriferous (Sweat glands)
70
What is hair and its function ?
- nonliving material composed of keratin (tough protein)
| - Function: Protection
71
What is hair follicles and It’s function ?
- sheaths that enclose hair and contain a bulb of cells at the base from which hair develops
- Function: produce hair
72
What is Arrector Pili and it’s function ?
- Tiny smooth muscles attached to hair follicles
- Function: forms goosebumps, when person is cold or frightened. When it contracts it presses on nearby sebaceous gland causing it to release sebum to lubricate the hair and skin
73
What are nails and it’s function?
- Nonliving keratin material that grows continuously as new cells form from the nail root
- Functions: protects fingers and toes and helps grasp objects
74
What are sebaceous (oil) glands and it’s function?
- glands connected to hair follicles, called oil glands because they secrete an oily substance called sebum
- Functions: sebum help lubricates the skin and hair to keep it from drying out
75
What is Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands and it’s functions?
- coiled dermal structures with ducts that extend through the epidermis and end in a pore on the skin surface
- Function: produce perspiration, a mixture of water, salts, and waste
76
What is the function of the nervous system ?
- controls and coordinates activities of the various body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and received from all parts of the body
77
What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system ?
- Somatic
| - Autonomic
78
What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system ?
-Neuron
79
What are the two main structural divisions of the nervous system ?
- Central
| - Peripheral
80
What is the function, type of control and tissue stimulated of the Autonomic Nervous system?
- function: conducts impulses that affects activities of organs, vessels, and glands
- Type of control: Involuntary
- Tissue stimulated: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
81
What is the function, type of control and tissue stimulated of the Somatic Nervous System?
- Function: Conducts impulses that allow an individual to consciously control skeletal muscles
- Type of control: voluntary
- tissue stimulated: skeletal muscles
82
What do dendrites and axons do ?
- dendrites carry messages to the nerve cell body and axons carry messages away from it
83
What does the CNS consist of and what does it do ?
- the brain and spinal cord
| - the nervous system command center that interprets information and dictates responses
84
CNS has its own set of nerves which comes together in one large trunk and forms the spinal cord which allows what ?
- Every part of the body being in direct communication with CNS
85
Brain and spinal cord are surrounded and cushioned by a cavity filled with clear plasmalike fluid called what ?
-cerebrospinal fluid
86
Cranial Cavity is completely enclosed with and protected by 3 layers of connective tissue called what ?
Meninges
87
What does the PNS consist of ?
- All the nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body
88
What are the two main types of nerves in the PNS ?
- Motor or efferent nerves
| - Sensory or afferent nerves
89
What are motor nerves?
- carry impulses from the CNS to organs, glands, and muscles.
90
What are sensory nerves?
- carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors in various parts of the body
91
What is the function of the endocrine system ?
- group of ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream
92
powerful chemical substances that have a profound effect on many body processes such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, personality and the ability of the body to react to stress and resist disease are called what ?
-hormones
93
What are the structures of the endocrine system ?
- various hormone secreting glands, organs and structures that have endocrine function
94
The “Master Gland” of this system secretes hormones that stimulate the other glands is called __________
-pituitary gland
95
Pituitary is controlled by chemicals releasing hormones sent from what part of the brain ?
-hypothalamus
96
What does the kidneys secrete ?
- erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are low
97
What are the other structures with endocrine function?
- heart
- Kidneys
- Stomach lining
- Placenta
98
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Pituitary Gland ?
- function: stimulates the adrenal glands and secretes to all other glands secretes, decrease urine production, stimulates development of ova and spent secretion of reproductive hormones, regulates growth and controls thyroid activity
- Hormones: ACTH, ADH, FSH, GH, Thyroid stimulating horsing (TSH)
- Locates: Brain
99
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Pineal Gland ?
- Function: helps set daily rhythm with levels lowest around noon and peaking at night; thought to play a role in seasonal affective disorder
- Hormone: Melatonin
- Location: In the Brain posterior to the pituitary
100
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Thyroid Gland ?
- function: lowers blood calcium levels, increases metabolic rate
- Hormone: Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4)
- Located: in the throat near the larynx
101
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Parathyroid Gland ?
- Function: regulates Calcium exchange between blood and bones, increases blood calcium levels
- Hormone: Parathyroid hormone
- Located: In the throat behind thyroid gland, two on each side
102
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Thymus ?
- function: Promotes maturation of specialized WBCs called T lymphocytes (T cells ) and the development of immunity
- Hormone: Thymosin
- Located: In the chest behind the sternum ( breastbone )
103
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Adrenals ?
- Function: increases blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism, and release of glucose; Active during stress, aids carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, Helps the Kidneys regular sodium and potassium in the blood stream
- Hormone: Epinephrine also called adrenaline, Norepinephrine also called noradrenaline, Cortisol, Aldosterone
- Located: on top of each kidney
104
What is the function, hormone secretion and location of the Islets?
- Function: Needed for movement of glucose Into the cells and decreases blood glucose levels, Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release glucose (stored as glycogen into the bloodstream)
- Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon
- Located: Pancreas
105
What is the function of the digestive system?
- provides the means by which the body takes in food, breaks it down into usable components for absorption and eliminates wast products from this process
106
What are the structures of the digestive system?
- components include the passageway called gastrointestinal tract (GI), extends from mouth to anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
107
What are the Accessory Organs of the Digestive System ?
- Liver, salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder
108
What are the Accessory structures of the digestive system ?
-lips, teeth, and tongue
109
What is the function of the reproductive system?
- produces the gametes, sex cells that are needed to form a new human being.
110
What are the structures of the reproductive system?
- glands : gonads store gametes and produce hormones
- Female structure: ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
- Male structures: testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal ducts, urethra, penis, spermatic cords, and scrotum
111
What is the function of the urinary system
- filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body. Plays an important role in the regulation of body fluids. Creates and eliminates urine
112
What are the structures of the urinary system ?
- 2 Kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
113
Kidneys are located where ?
- Back of Abdominal Cavity above waistline
114
_________ Help maintain water and electrolyte balance and eliminate urea. And produces a hormone called erythropoietin and the enzyme renin which regulates blood pressure
-kidneys
115
Functional working unit of the kidneys is what ?
Nephron
116
As blood travels through a nephron water and dissolved substances including wastes are filtered from it through a tuft of capillaries called the _______ the resulting glomerular filtrate travels through other structures within the nephron, where water water and essential amounts of substances such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are reabsorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining filtrate is called ________.
- Glomerulus ; Urine
117
What is the function of the respiratory system ?
- delivering a constant supply of oxygen to all cells of the body and removes CO2 a waste product of cell metabolism. Accomplished with the help of circulatory system through respiration.
118
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
- respiratory tract which includes the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, And lungs
119
_____ substances used to prevent substances, presence of microorganisms or their toxic products in the blood stream
-Antiseptics
120
Antiseptics prevent what ?
- growth and development of microorganisms but can’t kill them
121
What are used as Antiseptics in blood collection?
- 70% Ethyl alcohol
- 70% isopropyl alcohol
- benzalkonium chloride
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Providone iodine
122
Use of needle, lancets and other sharp objects must be disposed of immediately in special containers referred to as what ?
Sharps containers
123
Sharps containers must be ?
- marked with biohazard symbol, rigid puncture resistant, leak proof, and disposable locking lids to seal contents when full, which must be disposed of as biohazard waste.
124
If the additive is a clot activator the blood will clot and the specimen must be centrifuged to obtain what ?
-fluid portion called serum
125
If additive prevents clotting the result is a whole blood specimen and some are used directly for testing and others are centrifuged to ______
- separate the cells from the fluid portion called plasma
126
Additive Sodium Citrate belongs to what tube and what Department ?
- Light Blue top
| - coagulation
127
Additive EDTA belongs to what tube and what department ?
- lavender top
| - hematology
128
Additive Heparin belongs to what tube and what department?
- green top
| - chemistry
129
additive Sodium heparin belongs to what tube and what department
- royal blue with green label
| - chemistry
130
Additive lithium heparin belongs to what tube and what department ?
- green top
| - chemistry
131
Additive oxalates, potassium oxalate, sodium fluoride belongs to what tube and what department
- gray tops
| - chemistry
132
Additive Acid Citrate Dextrose belongs to what tube and what department
- canary yellow
| - Immunohematology and blood bank
133
Additive Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate
- yellow
| - microbiology
134
Complete contraction and subsequent relaxation of the heart lasts about 0.8 seconds is called _______
Cardiac cycle
135
Contracting phase of cardiac cycle is called ______
-Systole
136
Relaxing phase of cardiac cycle is called ________
-diastole
137
heart contractions are recorded as waves when ___________ placed on skin
-electrodes
138
P waves represents what ?
- Activity of the atria, first wave seen
139
QRS complex waves, T waves represent what ?
- Activity of the ventricules
140
Volume of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute (avg. 5 liters) is called _____
-cardiac output
141
Two components of blood pressure measured are ?
- Systolic pressure
| - Diastolic pressure
142
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart ?
arteries
143
Blood vessels that return the blood to heart ?
-veins
144
Radial artery or pulse is located in ?
-wrist
145
```
Phlebotomy should never be performed on the same side arm ?
A. Mastectomy
B. IV/Infusion
C. Shunt/Fischella
D. All the above
E. None of the above
```
-all of the above
146
Major veins for venipuncture are located in the arm in what is referred to what ?
-antecubital fossa
147
Choice of veins for venipuncture ?
- 1st : Median cubital vein -> larger and more on the surface and less painful
- 2nd : Cephalic vein -> harder to palpate
- 3rd: Basilic vein -> brachial artery
