Chapter FIVE Flashcards
1
Q
What does the human body consist of?
A
- 30 trillion cells
- 206 bones
- 700 muscles
- approximately 5L of blood
- 25 miles of blood vessels
2
Q
What are the two most important body positions to a blood drawer?
A
- supine
- prone
3
Q
What are the body planes?
A
- Frontal (coronal) plane
- midsagittal (medial) plane
- Sagittal plane
- transverse plane
4
Q
What is the purpose of directional terms?
A
To describe the relationship of an area of part or the body with respect to the rest of the body or body parts ,
Which is often paired with a term that means the opposite
5
Q
Body cavities are divided into what groups?
A
- dorsal
- ventral
6
Q
What does the cranial cavity House?
A
The brain
7
Q
What does the spinal cavity house?
A
It encases the spinal cord
8
Q
What does the dorsal cavity include?
A
- cranial cavity
- spinal cavity
9
Q
What does the thoracic cavity house?
A
- heart
- lungs
10
Q
What does the abdominal cavity house?
A
Organs including:
- stomach
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
- spleen
- kidneys
11
Q
What does the pelvic cavity house?
A
- urinary bladder
- reproductive organs
12
Q
What does the ventral cavities include?
A
- thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
13
Q
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
A
-by compensating for changes in a process that involves feedback and regulation in response to internal and external changes.
14
Q
What are the two primary processes of metabolism?
A
- catabolism
- anabolism
15
Q
Human body consists of trillions of cells responsible for what ?
A
For all the activities of the body
16
Q
Every cell has a ____
A
Nucleus
17
Q
What are the four basic tissue types?
A
- connective
- epithelial
- muscle
- nerve
18
Q
What are the important basic structural components of cells?
A
- nucleus
- chromosomes
- cytoplasm
- organelles
- mitochondria
19
Q
What is the function of the nucleus?
A
The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material
20
Q
What is the function of a chromosome?
A
Govern all cell activities, including reproduction
21
Q
What is the function of a cytoplasm?
A
Site of numerous cellular activities
22
Q
What is the function of an organelle?
A
Varied, distinct functions depending on the type
23
Q
What is the function of a mitochondria?
A
Play a role in energy production
24
Q
What is the function of a skeletal system?
A
- gives body shape and support
- protects internal organs
- with muscular system it provides movement and leverage
- also responsible for calcium storage and hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
25
What does the skeletal system structure include?
- 206 bones
- joints
- supporting connective tissue that form the skeleton
26
Bones can be classified by shape into what four groups?
- flat
- irregular
- long
- short
27
What are flat bones?
Ex ;
| -rib bones, and most skull (cranial) bones
28
What are irregular bones?
-back bones (vertebrae) and some facial bones
29
What are long bones?
Leg (femur, tibia, fibula), arm(humerus radius,ulna), and hand bones (metacarpals, phalanges)
30
What are short bones?
Wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals)
31
What are the disorders of the skeletal system?
- arthritis
- bursitis
- gout
- osteomyelitis
- osteochondritis
- osteoporosis
- rickets
- tumors
32
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the skeletal system?
- alkaline phosphatase
- Calcium
- complete blood count (CBC)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- phosphorus
- Synovial fluid analysis
- uric acid
- vitamin D
33
What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?
- cardiac
- skeletal
- smooth
34
What is muscle type determined by?
Location, histologic (microscopic) cellular characteristics, and how muscle action is controlled
35
What are the disorders of the muscular system?
- atrophy
- muscular dystrophy
- myalgia
- tendonitis
36
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the muscular system?
- autoimmune antibodies
- creating phosphokinase (CPK/CK)
- CPK/CK isoenzymes
- lactic acid
- lactic dehydrogenase (LD/LDH)
- myoglobin
- electromyography
37
What is the location, cell characteristics, and control action of the smooth muscle?
- located: wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways
- cell characteristics: nonstriated
- control action:involuntary
38
What is the location, cell characteristics, and control action of the cardiac muscle?
- Location: wall of heart
- cell characteristic: lightly striated
- control action: involuntary
39
What is the location, cell characteristics, and control action of the skeletal muscle?
- Location: attached to bones
- cell characteristics: heavily striated
- Control action: voluntary
40
Structures within the skin do what?
- help regulate body temperature
- eliminate small amounts of waste through sweat
- receive environmental stimuli (sensation of heat, cold, touch, and pain)
- manufacture vitamin D from sunlight
41
The structures of the integumentary system consist of what?
-consists of the skin and associated structures referred to as appendages, which include exocrine glands, hair, nails. Also includes blood vessels, nerves, sensory organs within the skin
42
What are the two main layers of the skin?
- epidermis
| - dermis
43
Epidermis is made up of what?
- Stratified (layered)
| - Squamous (scalelike) epithelial cells
44
What is the function of the hair?
Protection
45
What is the function of hair follicles?
Produce hair
46
What is the function of arrector pili?
-responsible for the formation of “goose bumps” as they react to pull he hair up straight when a person is cold or frightened
When the muscle contracts it presses on the nearby sebaceous gland, causing it to release sebum to help lubricate the hair and skin
47
What is the function of nails?
Protect the fingers and toes and help grasp objects
48
What is the function of sebaceous (oil) glands?
Sebum helps lubricate the skin and hair to keep it from drying out
49
What is the function of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Produce perspiration, a mixture of water, salts, and waste
50
What is the only layer of the skin where mitosis (cell division) occurs?
Stratum basale/ stratum germinativum
51
Cells in the stratum germinativum are nourished by what ?
By diffusion of nutrients from the dermis
52
As the cells divide in the epidermis, what happens to them ?
They are pushed toward the surface, where they gradually die from lack of nourishment and become keratinized (hardened), which helps thicken and protect the skin.
53
What layer is thicker, the dermis or epidermis?
Dermis
54
What is the dermis composed of?
Elastic and fibrous connective tissue.
55
What does the dermis contain?
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles.
56
The structure of he dermis can extend to what layer?
Subcutaneous layer
57
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?
Connective and adipose (fat) tissue that connects the skin to the surface muscles.
58
What are the disorders of the integumentary system?
- acne
- cancer
- dermatitis
- fungal infections
- herpes
- impetigo
- keloid
- pediculosis
- Pruritus
- psoriasis
59
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the integumentary system?
- biopsy
- microbiology cultures
- skin scraping for fungal culture
- skin scraping for KOH (potassium hydroxide) preparation
- tissue cultures
60
What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?
- somatic nervous system
| - autonomic nervous system
61
What are the two main structural divisions of the nervous system?
- central nervous system (CNS)
| - peripheral nervous system (PNS)
62
What is the autonomic nervous systems function, type of control, and tissue stimulated ?
- Function : Conducts impulses that affect activities of the organs, vessels, and glands
- Type of Control : Involuntary
- Tissue Stimulated : Cardiac Muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
63
What is the Somatic Nervous systems function, type of control, and tissue stimulated ?
- Function : Conducts impulses that allow an individual to consciously control skeletal muscles
- Type of control : Voluntary
- Tissue Stimulated : Skeletal Muscle
64
Neurons are highly complex cells capable of doing what ?
- conducting messages in the form of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environment.
65
Neurons have a cell body containing a nucleus and organelles typical of other cells but are distinguished by what ?
- unique threadlike fibers called dendrites and axons that extend out from the cell body.
66
Every part of the body is in direct communication with CNS by means of what ?
- its own set of nerves which come together in one large trunk that forms the spinal cord.
67
What is the function of the muscular system?
- it gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture, and produce heat
- plays role in organ function and blood circulation
68
What are the structures of the muscular system?
Includes all the muscles of the body, of which there are three types: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth (visceral)
69
What is the function of the function of the integumentary system?
The skin and accessory structures within it form the integumentary system
Largest organ of the body is the skin, the cover that protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun
70
What are the skin layers?
Epidermis—-> outer layer
Dermis ——> inner layer
Subcutaneous ——> beneath the skin
71
What is the function of the nervous system?
Controls and coordinates activities of the various body systems by electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and receives from all parts of the body
72
What is the central nervous system?
It interprets information and dictates responses
| CNS is brain and spinal cord
73
What is the peripheral nervous system?
All the nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body
- cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- motor and sensory nerves of the spinal cord
74
Which of the two main structural divisions of the nervous system has control and doesn’t have control?
* CNS doesn’t have control
| * RNA has control
75
What is the structure of the nervous system?
The structures include the neuron(dendrites and axons), PNS, and CNS, peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.
76
Stratum basale/ stratum germinativum produces what?
Skin pigment melanin
77
What’s are the two main types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
* Motor/efferent nerves
| * Sensory/afferent nerves
78
Motor nerves carry what?
Impulses from the CNS to organs, glands, and muscles
79
Sensory nerves carry what?
Impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors in various parts of the body
80
What disorders are associated with the nervous system?
- amyotrophic
- encephalitis
- epilepsy
- hydrocephalus
- meningitis
- multiple sclerosis
- neuralgia
- Parkinson’s disease
- shingles
81
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the nervous system?
- acetylcholine receptor antibody
- cerebral spinal fluid analysis (CFS)
- cell count
- glucose
- protein
- culture
- cholinesterase
- Dilantin
- electroencephalogram (EEG)
- serotonin
82
What is the function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system consists of a group of ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the blood streams
83
Hormones affect which body processes?
- metabolism
- growth and development
- reproduction
- personality
- ability of the body to react to stress
- resist disease
84
What does the endocrine system structures include ?
- various hormone secreting glands and other organs and structures that have endocrine function
85
Release of hormones by the pituitary gland is controlled by what ?
- chemicals called releasing hormones sent from the hypothalamus of the brain
86
What are other structures in the body with endocrine function?
- Heart Ventricles
- Kidneys
- Lining of the stomach
- Placenta
87
What is the endocrine function of the heart ventricles ?
- to secrete a hormone called B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in response to volume expansion and pressure overload
88
What is the endocrine function of the kidneys ?
- they secrete erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are low
89
What is the endocrine function of the lining of the stomach ?
- it secretes a hormone that stimulates digestion
90
What is the endocrine function of the placenta ?
- it secretes several hormones that function during pregnancy
91
Endocrine disorders are commonly caused by what ?
- tumors, which can cause either hypersecretion (secreting too much) or hyposecretion (secreting to little) of the gland.
92
What are the endocrine glands in the endocrine system ?
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenals
- Islets
- Testes
- Ovaries
93
What is the pituitary glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- located in the brain
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands, secretes to other glands
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreases urine production
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates development of ova and sperm and the secretion of reproductive hormones
- Growth hormone (GH) regulates growth
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid activity
94
What is the pineal glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the brain posterior to the pituitary
- Melatonin helps set diurnal (daily) rhythm with levels lowest around noon and peaking at night; thought to play a role in seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
95
What is the thyroid glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the throat near the larynx
- Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels
- Triiodothyronine (T3) increases metabolic rate
- Thyroxine (T4) increases metabolic rate
96
What is the parathyroid glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the throat behind the thyroid gland, two on each side
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulated calcium exchange between blood and bones; increases blood calcium levels
97
What is the thymus glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone)
| - Thymosin promotes maturation of specialized WBCs called T lymphocytes (T cells) and the development of immunity
98
What are the adrenal glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located on top of each kidney
- Epinephrine/adrenaline increases blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism, and release of glucose
- Norepinephrine, also called nonadrenaline increases blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism, and release of glucose
- Cortisol is active during stress, aids carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Aldosterone helots the kidneys regulate sodium and potassium in the bloodstream
99
What is the islets of langer-hans location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the pancreas
- Insulin is needed for movement of glucose into the cells and decreases blood glucose levels
- Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release glucose (stored as glycogen) in the bloodstream
100
What are the testes location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the scrotum
- Testosterone stimulates growth and functioning of the male reproductive system and development of male sexual characteristics
101
What are the ovaries location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the pelvic cavity
- Estrogens stimulates growth and functioning of the female reproductive system and development of female sexual characteristics
- Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy
102
What are the Pituitary Gland disorders ?
- Acromegaly
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Dwarfism
- Gigantism
103
What are the thyroid gland disorders ?
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Cretinism
- Goiter
- Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)
- Hypothyroidism
- Myxedema (hypothyroid syndrome)
104
What does the Parathyroid gland disorders consist of ?
- Hypersecretion of the parathyroids can lead to kidney stones and bone destruction. Hyposecretion can cause muscle spasms and convulsions.
105
What are the Adrenal gland disorders ?
- Addison’s Disease
- Aldosteronism
- Cushing’s Syndrome
106
What are the pancreatic gland disorders ?
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes Mellitus type I
- Diabetes Mellitus type II
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperinsulinism
- Hypoglycemia
107
What diagnostic tests are associated with the endocrine system?
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Cortisol
- Erythropoietin
- Glucagon
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- Glycosylated hemoglobin
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Insulin level
- Thyroid function studies: •T3 (triiodothyronine) •T4 (thyroxine) •TSH(thyroid-stimulating hormone)
108
What is the function of the digestive system ?
- to provide the means by which the body takes in food, breaks it down into usable components for absorption, and eliminates waste products from this process.
109
What are the structures of the digestive system ?
- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract extends from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
- Also includes accessory organs and structures which includes : lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
110
What is the function of the accessory organ lips, teeth and tongue ?
- to aid in chewing and swallowing food
111
What is the function of the accessory organ salivary glands?
- they secrete saliva a substance that moistens food and also contains an enzyme that begins the process of starch digestion
112
What is the function of the accessory organ liver ?
- glycogen storage, protein catabolism, detoxification of harmful substances, and the secretion of bile necessary for the digestion of fat.
113
What is the function of the accessory organ gallbladder?
- to store and concentrate bile
114
What is the function of the accessory organ pancreas ?
- to include secretion of insulin and glucagon and the production of digestive enzymes including amylase, lipase, and trypsin.
115
What are the disorders of the digestive system?
- Appendicitis
- Cholecystitis
- Colitis
- Diverticulosis
- Gastritis
- Gastroenteritis
- Hepatitis
- Pancreatitis
- Peritonitis
- Ulcer
116
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the digestive system?
- Fecal fat
- Gastric analysis
- Occult blood
- Ova and parasites (O&P)
- Serum gastrin analysis
- Stool analysis
117
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the accessory organs of the digestive system?
- Ammonia
- Amylase
- Bilirubin (bili)
- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
- Carotene
- Cholesterol
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Glucose
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- Lipase
- Triglycerides
118
What is the function of the reproductive system ?
- it produces the gametes, sex or germ cells, that are needed to form a new human being.
119
What is the structures of the reproductive system?
- consist of glands called gonads and their associated structures and ducts.
120
Gonads manufactures what ?
- they manufacture and store the gametes and produce hormones that regulate the reproductive process
121
What are the structures of the female reproductive system ?
- Ovaries (female gonads), Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
122
What are the structures of the male reproductive system?
- testes (male gonads), seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal ducts, urethra, penis, spermatic cords, and scrotum
123
What diagnostic tests are associated with the reproductive system?
- Acid phosphate
- Estrogen
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Microbiological cultures
- PAP smear
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- Rapid plasmin reagin (RPR)
- Testosterone
- Viral tissue studies
124
What are the disorders of the reproductive system?
- Cervical cancer
- Infertility
- Ovarian cancer
- Ovarian cyst
- Prostate cancer
- Sexually transmitted disease
- Uterine cancer
125
What is the function of the urinary system?
- The function of the urinary system filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body.
126
Urinary system plays an important role in what ?
- In the regulation of body fluids
127
Activities of the urinary system result in what ?
- The creation and elimination of urine
128
What are the main structures of the urinary system ?
- Two kidneys
- Two ureters
- Urinary bladder
129
Where are the kidneys located ?
- they are bean shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity just above the waistline one on each side of the body.
130
What do the kidneys help maintain?
- they help maintain water and electrolyte balance and eliminate urea (a waste product of protein metabolism)
131
The kidneys also produce erythropoietin which is what ?
- a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production and the enzyme renin, which plays a role in regulating blood pressure
132
The functional or basic working unit of the kidney is what ?
- the nephron which the kidneys contains nearly a million
133
As blood travels through a nephron what happens ?
- water and dissolved substances including wastes are filtered from it through a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus.
134
The resulting glomerular filtrate travels through other structures within the nephron where what happens ?
- Where water and essential amounts of substances such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
135
The remaining filtrate after the glomerular filtrate is called what ?
Urine
136
Where is the ureter located ?
- in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity.
137
What happens to the urine at the urinary bladder ?
- urine is voided (emptied) from the bladder to the outside of the body through a single tube called urethra.
138
What are the disorders of the urinary system?
- Cystitis
- Kidney stones
- Nephritis
- Renal failure
- Uremia
- Urinary tract infection
139
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the urinary system?
- Albumin
- Ammonia
- BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
- Blood creatinine
- Creatinine clearance
- Electrolytes
- Osmolality
- Urinalysis (UA)
- Ruins C & S (culture and sensitivity)
- IVP (intravenous pyelograohy)
- Renal biopsy
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
