Midterm- Battles and Documents Flashcards
(30 cards)
crusades
Holy Wars
4 total
Purpose was to capture Jerusalem
1096-1291
Impact: Europeans brought back new ideas, spices, silks, dyes, gems, etc.
Led to more trading, for example Marco Polo
Magna Carta
1215 - nobles revolted against King John and forced him to sign this
Limits power of the king in favor of Parliament
Aka Great Charter
Bacons Rebellion
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon raised a private army to fight the Indians
Importance - Berkeley wasn’t protecting the poor people, who were willing to stand up for themselves
See book for details
Mayflower Compact
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony made it when they arrived
Bound themselves to obey all laws this new gov’t might enact
Covenant worked - it later became the foundation for MA and US
King Phillips War
Metacom (called King Philip by settlers) was Indian leader of the revolt
By 1670, there were 45,000 people in 90 towns in New England
War was 1675-77
Metacom was killed in 1676
Results: English conquest of region nearly complete, almost no Indians, became dependent on England, led to Revolution
See book for more
Glorious Revolution
New era of representative gov’t: Parliament showed it was supreme
William and Mary - joint monarchs
Preserved the power of Parliament
Albany Plan of Union
Albany Plan of Union
Franklin’s plan for permanent union of the colonies that was rejected at the colonial congress at Albany, NY in 1754
Provided model for later US gov’t
English Civil War
English Civil War 1640-1660
Charles vs. Parliament: he was trying to go behind Parliament’s back, Parliament won the war
Parliament ordered the execution of Charles - 1649
Oliver Cromwell governed England for the next decade
Parliament recognized need for stability: restored monarchy w Charles II in 1660
Focused on economic matters
French and Indian War
Started in the colonies and spread to Europe after 2 years
Called 7 Years War in Europe
French win in the beginning, British win in the end
Battle at Duquesne 1755: French surprise attack on British - ⅓ British casualties
1758 - better prepared and led British begin to overwhelm the F&I in western PA and new France
Won Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt), Fort Niagra
Iroquois began to support British
Fall of Quebec(capital of New France)
Wolfe (Br) vs. Montcalm (Fr)
Siege of the city - starve them out / cut off supplies
Knew war was almost over
Spain made mistake of joining war w only 2 years left
Lost Havana, Cuba and Manila, Philippines
Ended w Treaty of Paris
Results:
Loss of respect for British military power
Colonists believed British did not treat them w proper respect
Colonists saw no reason why they shouldn’t expand and prosper on their own without British help
Pontiacs Rebellion
Causes
British traders showed interest in Great Lake regions and Ohio River Valley
Native Americans concerned that they would lose their land
Voiced their concerns to British officials
Ignored by Jeffery Amherst
Effects
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Indians goal was to weaken the British and lure French back into North America
Failed because they didn’t capture 3 largest ports
Detroit
Niagra
Fort Pitt (formally Fort Duquesne)
Indians had no European suppliers so ran short of gunpowder, shot, and guns
Standing army developed for protection of colonists
Government decided colonists needed to help pay for the cost
British wanted quick end to expensive war
Proclamation Line of 1763
Proclamtion Line of 1763
Response to Pontiac’s Rebellion
Issued by King George
Closed region west of Appalachian Mts to all settlements by colonists
Britain signed peace treaties with the indians in rebellion
Colonists ignored the proclamation
olive branch petition
Continental congress offered peace after Bunker Hill
King George III refused
Hired 30,000 Hessians
Trenton
Trenton Day after christmas Washington crosses delaware and attacks Surprises hessians who were partying because of Christmas Victory
Kings Mountain
King’s Mountain
In south carolina
Patriots crushed loyalist militias and executed many prisoners
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine Pamphlet Destined to show world ho people can rule themselves and be free of tyranny of kings 100,000 copies sold Basis for declaration
Bunker Hill
Americans occupied 2 hills Breads Bunkers North of Boston Bloodiest conflict to every take place in Br and N. America British General: Gage Result Americans defeated because of no ammunition- called it a moral victory
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence 4 Parts Preamble Declaration of Rights Locke’s natural rights Jefferson Grievances Complaints against king Resolution of Independence Results Adopted July 4th by continental congress Independence! Defined basic principles on which American government and society would rest Ordinary Citizens would have a strong voice in their own government
The Crisis
Written by Thomas Paine
inspires Americans to cause of freedom
Lexington
MA sees itself as target’
Prepares for war—> collect military supplies in Concord
Paul Revere warns minutemen
Concord
Shot heard round the world
Saratoga
British surrender Turning point of war Br General Burgoyne marched from Canada to invade New York’s Hudson River Fall into patriot trap at saratoga Burgoyne surrenders Greatest patriot victory yet Suggest US could win war
New Jersey Plan
People wanted small change to the articles
Favored by the small states
Proposal introduced by William Patterson
Gave congress power to regulate commerce and to tax
Still kept 3 chief principles of the articles
Unicameral legislature
One house
Represented states as equal no matter population
Preserved executive committee
Instead of singular president
States remained sovereign
Except for specific powers granted to National Government
United states would remain a loose confederation
Virginia Plan
Big changes Proposed by Maddison Wanted to secure power to tax and regulate commerce Divide power between 3 branches Legislative Executive Judicial Bicameral Legislature 2 houses House of Representatives Senate Representation in the houses depended on population Bigger state more say Said congress had power to veto any state law Similar to what parliament did with colonial laws Called for a strong president 7 year term Could not be elected more than once Command armed forces Manage foreign relations Appoint executive and judicial officers Subject to approval by senate Only worry was that president would become king very easily Patrick henry worried about this
The Great Compromise
Agreement between VA and NJ plan
Also called Connecticut Compromise
John Dickinson (Delaware) played key role
Said senate would be equal among all states
2 per state
House of Representatives would be Based on population
More power to larger states
