Midterm-People Flashcards by Isabella Shea

from genoa italy, sailed 4 times, never realized he reached the new world first,

triying to get to aisa to trade spices, perfume, rugs, tea, called the native americans indians, his trip was finaced by Queen Isabella, sails on 3 ships; nina, pinta, santa maria, 33 day voyage, reached San Salvador (Holy Savior)

columbus

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first to circumnavigate the world, took 3 years didnt complete voyage, killed in phillipeans, 5 ships went only 1 returned, named the Pacific Ocean, said 75% of earth is water, fulfilled the dream of columbus; reached west indies, revealed new lands

Magellan

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named florida: all landabove gulf of mexico, searching for fountain of youth

De Leon

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sailed for the english and the dutch, sailed 150 miles up the hudson looking for a northwest passage, left in the hudson bay to die

Hudson

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french, did more then anyone beofre to fill the map of the east coast of North America

De Verrazzano

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discovered and explored the gulf of st lawrence, built settlement near modern day quebec

Cartier

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defeated Incan empire, opened door for more reckless and ruthless conquistadors, killed incan leader to get riches

pizzaro

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first english explorer to corss atlantic, goes to newfoundland, with an 11 week return trip and later dissapears, lays basis for english exploration

cabot

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found Grand canyon, looking for northwest passage

Coronado

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first spainyard to cross mississippi river, discovered GE, AL, Arkansas, Oklahoma

de Soto

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used route around tip of africa found by dias to sail to india

de gama

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helped coquer cuba, died on expedition to florida

Narvaez

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discovered isthmus of Panama, first european to see pacific ocean, called it the sea of the south

Balboa

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spanish queen that finacned columbus, gave him the 3 ships

queen isabella

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rounded tip of africa at the cape of good hope

dias

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renaissance mathmatician and astronomer who saod sun was at the center (heleocentric)

copernicus

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invented printing press first book published was bible, communications revolution

guttenburg

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travelled from Venie to the east, wrote about his travels called the silk road

marco polo

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aka Henry the Navigator, portugal takes to sea, helped invent caravel, astrolabe, quadrant, compass, and accruate maps, set up sailing schools

prince henry

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norse discoverer that found newfoundland , technically first to new world but settlements didnt last

Erikkson

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filled map of the coast of south america, wrote account and called lands a brand new continent, america named after him

Vespucci

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king of spanish empire and holy roman empire

charles V

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founded quebec, first french colony in the new world

champlain

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governor of plymouth colony

bradford

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helped plymmouth colony, pilgrims called him a special interest of God, indian cheif showed how to plant corn, fertilize, fish and trap, acted as an interpreter

squanto

prominent leader willing to go to MA bay colony, founder and late governor of Ma bay colony, puritian

Winthrop

leader of conneticut, ct had fundamental orders in 1639: voting male land owners, did not have to be part of church

thomas hooker

loved sir walter raleigh and sir francis drake, virgin queen(VA named after her) established england as a world power and had the will to set up colonies, made england leader, of protestant states of europe

Queen Elizabeth I

believed in religious toleration, purchased land from indians, seperated church and state, founded providence, gaurenteed religious toleration to all

Roger Williams

women banned becuase of her religious beliefs, adequately defended herself in trial

Anne Hutchinson

governed Pa, religously tolerant, good relationship with indians, founded by quakers

William Penn

favorite of Queen Elizabeth, she knighted him, tried twice to start a colony of roanoke island, half brother of gilbert

Raleigh

aka sea dog, most popular privateer, first englishman to sail aroudn the world, helped with attack on the spanish armada

Drake

strong leader who saved jamestown, ruled by martial law

John Smith

leader of jamestown, married Pocahontas, set up tobacco as cash crop

John Rolfe

englands first colonial charter, failed but known as pathfinder to britishempire

gilbert

geographer, accounts were persuasive to go to new world

haklyut

founder of quebec

champlain

governor of New Amsterdam who wouldnt surrender but whose people didnt fight

Stuyvesant

set up maryland as safehaven for Catholics, when he died maryland became property of lord baltimore,

george calvert

leader of georgia main leader out of 21 men, military man,

olgethorpe

enligh philosopher during enlightenment, ppl have rights to gov't if gov't fails to protect their natural rightd

locke

prime minister in england, persuaded parliament to raise taxes and borrow large sums of money to fight the war, realized british troops were fighting for a world wide empire

william pitt

came up with albany plan of union and did everything: printer, inventor, scientist, politician

Ben Franklin

colonial general that knew when to retreat- saved his troops, president of the constitutional convention

George Washington

arrested and tried for libel, established freedom of the press

John Peter Zenger

british general that won the battle of quebec

wolfe

aka lord protector, ruled england after charles was beheaded

Cromwell

british general that lost when the french surprised them at fort duquense

Braddock

Indian leader responsible for the rebellion that led to the Proclamtion Line

Pontiac

midnight ride to warn minutemen

Paul Revere

killed in Boston Massacre, african American

zcrispus Attucks

wrote common sense and the crisis, inspired americans to cause of freedom

Thomas Paine

most active son of liberty, boston, professional rebel

Sam Adams

real name mary hays, known for delivering water to troops during battle, stepped in and took her husbands place at the cannon

Molly Pitcher

Author of declaration- used Paines ideas that all men have natural rights

Thomas Jefferson

believed americans could unite to defeat british

John Adams

british general at the battle of Princeton, lost washington t princetn, surrenders at yorktown, washington traps his troops by land and sea

Cornwallis

patriot general, provided military expertise, french volunteer

lafeyette

assisted british

Von Steuben

volunteered to cross enemy lines for info on british positions, "i regret i have but one life..."

Hale

alliance with french reflected on him, leading negotiator in paris

franklin

king of england, in charge of placing all the acts

George III

leader of farmer rebellion

Daniel Shays

father of the constitution, arrived at the convention 11 days early, sent letters to washington in april outlining his thoughts on what should be debated, critic of democracy but favored republicanism

James Madison

one of the leaders of the constitutional convention, dislikeddemocracy, conserved in principles, prasied british constitution, wanted balanced government that has elements of aristocracy and monarchy as well as republicanism

Alexander Hamilton

anti-federalist, worried that a president would easily become king, from va, greatest political orator of his generation

patrick henry

Located: Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Mexico Culture: broad plazas of temples and pyramids Discovery: own writing system, made accurate calendars, Indian corn maize becomes staple food for the world

Mayas

Located: Peru Culture: constructed palaces w high walls, connected towns w system of roads, Cuzco (capital) was a gold center (the richest) Discovery: built terraces, canals, and aqueducts to irrigate crops, used llamas as pack animals Had an organized gov’t system

Incas

Located: Mexico, capital of Tenochtitlan Culture: warlike, architects Discovery: made gold into jewelry, used dogs as pack animals

Aztecs

Loose friendship formed to promote peace, allies in war Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga 1722- joined by Tuscarora Centered in NY

Iroquois League

Descendants of Anasazi | Located in Mexico

Pueblo Indians

Code talkers in WW2

Navajos

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate

Surf

Ancient Ones, ancestors of Pueblos, cliff dwellers | Lived in Four Corners region, their dwellings were called pueblos

Anasazi

Persecuted in England, came to colonies for religious freedom Were not religiously tolerant to others Everyone had to go to Puritan church and pay taxes to support it Lots of literacy to study the Bible Very structured, well ordered, everything has a place

Puritan

Aka Pilgrims, persecuted in England, started churches of their own, started Plymouth Colony Went to Netherlands, but children were growing up Dutch Wanted to have their own religion but be English

sepratists

French Protestants | Protestants being watched by Catholics

Hugenots

People of mixed Indian and Spanish descent | Means mix in Spanish

Mestizo

Privately owned ships hired by a gov’t to attack others Sir Francis Drake is the most popular one (Sea Dog) First English to sail around the world, helped to attack on Spanish

privateers

Master would pay for voyage and food in exchange for a certain amount of work

indentured servant

Royal family that unified england Henry VII, daughter is Elizabeth She made England leader of Protestant states of Europe

Tudors

Separatists who started Plymouth Colony - see those topics

Pilgrims

Strict Pacifists that lived in Pennsylvania - hated violence and against slavery No bearing of arms, men and women are spiritually equal, good relationship w Indians, rejected ceremonies and authorities - obeyed Inner Light from God

Quakers

Had many roles, status was determined by men in their life, English common law governed the colonies

Colonial women

Found dignity and better life, brought ideas and customs from Europe (idea that people are not equal), wealth = land, gentry

Colonial Society

Became apprentices at an early age | Silversmiths, cabinet makers, tinsmiths

Artisans

Created by empty land: people turned to slaves from W Indies or Africa, Became reserved for people who were not Christians (pagans), Africans were not the only people brought to America by force, By mid-1700’s, 1 in 5 people in British America were of African descent

Slavery

English, blacks, Scots/Irish/Scotch-Irish, Germans, French Protestants

immigrants

Association formed to to lead popular protests Group of men who protested British laws by words and boycott Most active member: Sam Adams From Boston

Sons of Liberty

Could be ready in a matter of minutes to fight

minutemen

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain

loyalists

Hired as soldiers by British

Hessains

Also known as a Patriot | Against Britain and the taxes

tories

Another name for the Hessians

mecercenaries

Critics of the constitution Denounced it as a retreat from liberty won by the revolution Disliked the lack of a bill of rights that would provide basic liberties protecting people from power of the government Said the constitution increased power of central government and provided more elitist government by concentrating power in few people at a distance from most voters Believed liberty could not survive unless federal government is weak Might lose liabilities --far away Losing ground from revolution Want states to have power Afraid of rich people Get credit for bill of rights Strict interpretation of constitution

anti federalists

Favored ratification of constitution Included George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Stressed weakness of Articles Argued that new government based in the proposed constitution could overcome difficulties facing the new nation Need strong federal government Expand commerce Broad interpretation of constitution

federalists

Someone who is loyal to their nation

nationalists