Midterm Chap 1-3, 7 & 8 Flashcards
(154 cards)
0
Q
Study of body function
A
Physiology
1
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Study of body structure
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Anatomy
2
Q
Study of body surface by visualization and palpation (without “cutting”)
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Surface anatomy
3
Q
Study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye, through “cutting”
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Gross anatomy
4
Q
Name the levels of organization, smallest to largest
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Chemical - atomic, molecular Organelle Cellular Tissue Organ System Organelle
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Basic structural and functional units of an organism
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Cells
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Group of cells that work together to perform a similar function
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Tissues
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Composed of two or more types of tissue
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Organs
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Related organs with common function
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Organ system
9
Q
Sum of all catabolic and anabolic chemical processes in the body
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Metabolism
10
Q
Equilibrium in the body
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Homeostasis
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What challenges homeostasis?
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Physical insults (ie heat) Changes in internal environment Physiological stress (ie school or work)
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Q
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
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Negative feedback (ie blood pressure)
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Strengthens or reinforces change in controlled condition
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Positive feedback (ie childbirth)
14
Q
3 parts of feedback system are…
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Receptor
Control center
Effector
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Q
System consists of skin and related structures (hair, nails, and glands)… Protects body, regulates temperature, and eliminates waste
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Integumentary system
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Q
System made up of bones and joints, protects and supports the body, and houses cells that will become RBC and WBC
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Skeletal system
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Q
System consists of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles… Facilitates movement, maintains posture, and generates heat to maintain body temperature
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Muscular system
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System consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs… Senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses
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Nervous system
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System consists of hormone producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body… Regulates body through releasing hormones into the blood
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Endocrine system
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Q
System consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels… Carries blood and nutrients and regulates body temperature
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Cardiovascular system
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System consists of lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes (spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland also included)… Transports fats and proteins to cardiovascular system and protects against disease
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Lymphatic system and immunity
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System includes upper airways, trachea, bronchi and lungs
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Respiratory system
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System consists of esophagus, stomach, and intestines… Physical and chemical breakdown of food and eliminates waste
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Digestive system
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System includes kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Urinary system
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System includes ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females and the testes and penis in males
Reproduction system
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Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler form
Chemical element
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Units of matter
Atoms
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What are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
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What determines the atomic number?
Number of protons
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What determines atomic weight?
Sum of protons and neutrons
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Ions (ionic bonds) are formed when...
An atom gives up or gains an electron
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Atoms that share electrons form...
Molecules
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Free radicals are...
Electrically charged atom with unpaired electron in its outer shell
Unstable and highly reactive
Become stable by gaining or giving up electron
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Atoms of molecules are held together by...
Chemical bonds
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Cations are...
Positively charged ions that have given up (lost) an electron
Electron donors
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Anions are...
Negatively charged ions that have gained an electron
| Electron acceptors
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What is the strongest chemical bond?
Covalent bonds
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Covalent bonds are formed when...
Atoms of molecules share electrons
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This type of bond is a weak interaction between hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms... They result from attraction of oppositely charged parts
Hydrogen bonds
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Catalysts are...
Chemical compounds that speed up a reaction and are neither consumed or produced in the reaction
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Name theses reactions:
1. A + B -> AB
2. AB -> A + B
3. AB + CD -> AD + CD
1. Synthesis, anabolism
2. Decomposition, catabolism
3. Exchange
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Inorganic vs Organic molecules
Inorganic - simple molecules, usually lack carbon (ie water)
| Organic - complex molecules, always contains carbon
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What is pH?
Concentration of H+ in moles/l on scales of 0-14
pH < 7 acidic
pH > 7 base
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Sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that provide most of energy needed for life are...
Carbohydrates
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_______ contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Lipids
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These lipids have 4 rings of carbon and include sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins and cholesterol...
Steroids
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This organic compound has a polar head and two non polar tails which makes it soluble in both water and fat...
Phospholipid
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Proteins contain...
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Most "human" organic compound
Made up of amino acids
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______are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
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DNA and RNA are...
Nucleic acids that make up our genetic code
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Simple cells with no nucleus...
Prokaryotic cells
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Complex cells that contain nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm...
Eukaryotic cells
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The "wall" of a cell, it is semipermeable and separates the cell's internal environment from the external environment...
Plasma membrane
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Gelatin-like substance that contains all of the cell's components
Cytoplasm
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The "brain" of the cell, contains DNA...
Nucleus
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This transport process does not need energy, moves down/with concentration gradient...
Passive process
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This transport process uses energy, goes against the concentration gradient...
Active process
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Diffusion of water...
Osmosis
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Facilitated diffusion is...
A passive process that requires a specific channel or carrier molecule
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Spread of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration...
Diffusion
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What affects diffusion?
```
Amount of substance
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area
Distance
```
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Net movement of water...
Osmosis
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Concentration of salt solutions in the blood or elsewhere...
Tonicity
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Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions...
Isotonic - normal shape
Hypertonic - greater concentration outside than inside cell
(shrinks)
Hypotonic - lesser concentration outside than inside cell (expands)
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Endocytosis vs Exocytosis
Endocytosis - into the cell
| Exocytosis - out of the cell
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This component of the cell functions as a(n):
Intracellular fluid
Surrounding for organelles
Site of chemical reactions
Cytosol
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Thinnest element of cytoskeleton, composed of proteins actin and myosin, and provide motion to the cell
Microfilaments
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_______ help stabilize the position of organelles during mechanical stress and are the middle element of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments
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Largest element of the cytoskeleton, composed of the protein Tubulin, and helps determine the shape of the cell
Microtubules
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Cilia vs Flagella
Cilia - short, hairlike projections that help move the cell
| Flagella - longer than cilia, move the entire cell (sperm cell's tail)
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Site of protein synthesis...
Ribosomes
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Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs...
Smooth ER
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Connects to nuclear envelope, series of flattened sacs, studded with ribosomes, produces various proteins...
Rough ER
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"Packing" center, contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, modifies and packaging proteins for transport...
Golgi apparatus
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Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes...
Lysosomes
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Small, detoxify toxic substances such as alcohol, found in liver...
Peroxisomes
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Destroy unneeded proteins, found in cytosol and nucleus...
Proteasomes
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"Powerhouse" of the cell, generates ATP, contains own DNA...
Mitochondria
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Double membrane that separates the nucleus and cytoplasm...
Nuclear envelope
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Opening in nuclear envelope, control movement of substance in and out of nucleus...
Nuclear pores
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Spherical body that produces ribosomes...
Nucleolus
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Hereditary units, control activities and cell structure...
Genes
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Long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules...
Chromosomes
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Mitosis vs Meosis
Mitosis - cell replication
| Meiosis - gamete replication
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Phases of cell reproduction...
Interphase - cell is not dividing, cell replicates DNA
Prophase - chromatids pair up
Metaphase - chromatids align at metaphase plate
Anaphase - chromatid pairs split
Telophase - chromatids separate in two identical cells
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The two major components the body can be divided into...
Axial and appendicular
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Position used in discussions of the body, how it moves, its posture, etc...
Anatomical position
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Ipsilateral means...
Same side
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Two organization levels furnish basic building blocks required for the next higher level of the body structure which is cellular level
Chemical and organelle level
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Lengthwise plane that splits body into left and right sides...
Sagittal plane
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System responsible for maintaining homeostasis by opposing change
Negative feedback control system
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Chemical compound that provides energy for use by the body...
ATP
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Four major groups of organic substances in the human body...
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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This determines both the structure and function of cells...
DNA
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Considered the engines of the cells...
Microtubules
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This happens when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other...
Gap junctions
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Internal supporting framework of the cell...
Cytoskeleton
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Term meaning water loving...
Hydrophilic
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This is located in the phospholipids and keeps the cell membrane from breaking too easily...
Cholesterol
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Type of endocytosis meaning condition of cell eating...
Phagocytosis
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Site of glycolysis...
Cytosol
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This is when water and permeable solutes travel through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure....
Filtration
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Type of solution where two fluids have same potential osmotic pressure...
Isotonic
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This bone's function is a vital process carried on by red bone marrow and involves blood cells...
Hematopoiesis
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Bone type described cube or box shaped structures about as board as they are long...
Short bone
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Only sesamoid bone in human skeleton...
Patella
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This stores 98% of body's calcium supply...
Skeletal system
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Suture runs ear to ear...
Coronal suture
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Bony landmark is a depression and often receives an articulating bone
Fossa
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Bump on the back of your head...
External occipital protuberance
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Anvil bone of the ear....
Incus
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Breakfast 7, lunch 12, and dinner 5...
Vertebrae
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Bony process meaning crow's beak...
Coracoid process
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Ribs _______ are true, _______ are false, and _______ are floating...
True 1-7
False 8-10
Floating 11-12
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Coxal bone is made up of these three bones....
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
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This is the Turk's saddle...
Sella turcica
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Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones...
Fissure, ie supraorbital fissure
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Foramen
Opening such as the jugular or optic...
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Shallow depression...
Fossa, ie mandibular fossa
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Furrow along bone surface...
Sulcus, ie intertubercular sulcus
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Tubelike opening...
Meatus, ie external acoustic meatus
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What are the 4 major elements of the body?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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What is a controlled condition?
Variable such as blood pressure or body temp that is monitored by the feedback system
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A receptor is an ________ pathway
Afferent; information flows towards the control center
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Efferent pathways carry information _______
Away from the control center
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Disruption in a controlled condition is called a...
Stimulus
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1. Intracellular fluid
2. Extracellular fluid
3. Interstitial fluid
1. Within the cells
2. Outside the cells
3. Between the cells
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Give example of positive and negative feedback systems...
Positive - childbirth
| Negative - blood pressure
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Prone vs supine...
Prone - face down
| Supine - face up
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Principal regions of the body include...
Head - skull and face
Neck - connects head and trunk
Trunk - chest, abdomen, pelvis
Upper limbs - shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs - buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot
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Contralateral means...
Opposite side
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Superficial vs deep....
Superficial - external, toward the surface
| Deep - internal, away from the surface
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Plane divides body into anterior and posterior portions....
Frontal or coronal plane
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Plane divides body into superior and inferior portions...
Transverse or horizontal plane
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This element is part of water and many inorganic molecules; used to generate ATP; can temporarily store chemical energy...
Oxygen
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This element forms backbone chains of all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids...
Carbon
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This element is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids...
Nitrogen
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Constituent of water and most organic molecules; ionized form makes body fluids more acidic...
Hydrogen
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Two atoms that share electrons equally form a....
Nonpolar covalent bond
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Forms when sharing of electrons is unequal...
Polar covalent bond
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What three types of lipids make up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids - hydrophilic head; faces cytosol inside, ECF outside
Cholesterol
Glycolipids - appeal only in membrane facing ECF
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What molecules are permeable across the membrane?
Permeable to nonpolar uncharged molecules, such as O2, CO2, and steroids
Impermeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules
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Functions of proteins in the plasma membrane...
Ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers, and cell identity markers
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Bone has greater length than width, contains a shaft and variable number of extremities...
Long bone; femur, phalanges, humerus
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Bone has complex shape and cannot be grouped in other categories...
Irregular bone; vertebrae, hip bone and calcaneus
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Bone is thin and composed of two parallel plates of compact tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue...
Flat bone; cranial bones, sternum, scapulae
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Small bones located in joints between cranial bones...
Sutural bones
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Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone...
Fissure, superior orbital fissure
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Tubelike opening...
Meatus, external acoustic meatus
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Sharp, splendor projection...
Spinous process
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Large projection...
Trochanter
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Variably sized rounded projection...
Tubercle
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Prominent ridge or elongated projection...
Crest
