Midterm content Flashcards
(35 cards)
Cephalocaudal
head to toe direction of dev (applies to growth and motor dev)
Proximodosal
center to extremity development (applies to growth and motor dev)
2 relevant types of Plasticity
Neuro and synaptic
2 brain regions that preserve neurogenesis throughout life
hippocampus and possibly the frontal cortex
3 Motor development theories
- Maturation: genetic predisposition to mature is the only factor
- Experiential: maturation is necessary but not sufficient to proper motor dev (exp required)
- Dynamic systems: Motor skills dev as children actively reorganize existing abilities as a function of goal-directed exploration
2 main developments of fine motor skills
- Voluntary reaching
2. Manipulatory skills (hand use)
Voluntary reaching stages
- equipped w a grasping reflex at birth, but not active
- deteriorate in first 2 months, providing context for active reaching
- Development of proprioceptive info: sensory maps developed so that non-visual information can be used to reach
Manipulatory skills stages
- Palmar grasp (4-5 mo)
- both hands, then hold obj w one hand and finger w the other - ulnar grasp (5-late 1st yr)
- hand to palm grasp - Pincer grasp (end of 1st yr)
- use opposable thumbs, increases dexterity
Enrichment theory
Sensory world naturally confusing, children construct schemes used to enrich the environment to allow for effective interpretation (Piaget)
Differentiation theory
Sensory world A-priori available for interpretation, children must simply learn to identify distinguishing features
5 main research methods (explain as u study, not hard)
- preference
- habituation
- High amplitude sucking
- Brain imaging
- Evoked potentials
To what extent do children perceive sounds?
- highly developed at birth
- can distinguish sounds based on loudness, duration, direction and frequency
- Especially attentive to voices (mothers)
- Can perceive verbal sounds in the womb
- Phonemic distinctions: yes until 10/12 mo, then requires practice
To what extent do children perceive touch?
temp, touch and pain all felt
Children’s vision facts
- 20/400 or 800 vision (bad)
- fovea immature, visual cortex undeveloped, and poor eye coordination
- only red vs white/grey prior to 4 months, after, full colour vision
- tend to focus on high contrast edges (lots of info and stimulate neurons)
Neonates Facial perception
- Can distinguish their mothers faces, but not if their hairline is covered by a scarf
- at 4 mo, even if covered
Children’s concept of object unity
- Not present at birth
- By 4 months, only available if given kinetic cues
- By 8 months, fully developped
3 factors of Learning
- Thinking, reacting or perceiving the environment in a new way
- New factor attributed to experience
- New factors are relatively permanent
4 types of simple learning (cover in more detail)
- habituation
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
Observational learning facts
- Highly complex, must observe, encode, remember and then perform observed behaviour
- Imitation: reflexively present at birth, then deteriorates over next 3-4 months
- Occurs voluntarily at 8 months
- By 9 months, can deffer imitation
Explain Piaget’s concept of Intelligence
- basic life function which serves to allow the child to adapt to its environment
- Cognitive equilibrium as motive
- Children are challenged by novel stimuli (cog. disequilibria) and must equilibrate by making mental alterations (ie, learning)
- Interactionist (children interacting with their environment)
Explain Piaget’s concept of Constructivism
Children construct schemes (organized patterns of thought/action constructed to make sense of the world) through Organization (integrating schemes to derive coherent systems of knowledge) and Adaptation (adjusting to the demands of the environment) which in turn is done through Assimilation: integrating novel information into existing schemes and Accommodation: altering existing schemes to become compliant to novel information which does not fit the existing scheme.
Time of the Sensorimotor stage and its 6 substages
0-2 yrs,
- Reflexive activity
- primary circular reasoning
- secondary circular reasoning
- coordination of secondary schemes
- tertiary circular reasoning
- mental representation
2 main developments of the sensorimotor stage
- Imitation: developed (for novel stim) around 8-12 months
Deferred imitation occurs around 18-24 months due to the ability to symbolically represent the situation - Object permanence: starts at 8-12 months, but incomplete (succumb to the A not B error)
A not B error lost at 12-18 mo, still cant grasp invisible displacements
18-24 months: due to mental representation, object permanence derived totally
Challenges to Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
- Neonativist theories (explain)
2. Theory theories (explain)
