Midterm Exam Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

What is anthropology?

A

the study of humans (what differentiates us from other animals; similarities and differences with out primate relatives)

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2
Q

Subfields of anthropology

A

archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and biological anthropology

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3
Q

Specialties of biological anthropology

A

study of unique biology of humans, prehuman ancestors, and nonhuman primates (based on evolutionary theory)

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4
Q

Early trends in biological anthropology

A

tracing the evolution of our lineage through time in the fossil record (focus on human variation)

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5
Q

scientific method

A
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6
Q

theories of evolution

A

darwinism (evolutionary fitness/natural selection), lamarckism (species are descended from previous, different species), mendel (particulate inheritance dominant/recessive)

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7
Q

linnean classification

A

classified animals based on their similarities and differences from other animals

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8
Q

forces of evolution

A

natural selection, genetic drift (founder effect and bottlenecks), gene flow

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9
Q

mendelian genetics

A

particulate inheritance (each person recieves allele from parent, the trait is decided by which one is dominant/recessive)

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10
Q

modern synthesis

A

combines evolutionary theory (darwin) with genetic mechanisms (mendel)

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11
Q

biological species concept

A

a species consists of a group of organisms who are behaviorally and biologically capable to producing fertile offspring

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12
Q

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A

used to identify allele and genotype frequencies in a population

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13
Q

speciation

A

divergence of one species into two or more

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14
Q

primate traits

A
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15
Q

primate evolution theories

A

angiosperm, visual predation, arboreal

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16
Q

plesiadpiformes

A

archaic primates

17
Q

adapoids

A

diurnal/herbivores

18
Q

omomyoids

A

nocturnal/insectivores and frugivores

19
Q

origins of modern primate group

A

adapoid hypothesis, omomyoid hypothesis, taiser hypothesis

20
Q

climate trends of the miocene

A

warming and subtropical forests turn to cooling/drying and woodlands/grasslands

21
Q

climate trends of Pleistocene

A

cycles between interglacial (warm/wet) and glacial (cool/dry)

22
Q

climate trends of piocene

A

generally cooler and drier (still warmer), weather becoming seasonal

23
Q

hominin traits

A

encephalization (larger brain), bipedalism, flat faces, small teeth

24
Q

theories of bipedality

A

savannah hypothesis, forest hypothesis, turnover pulse hypothesis, simple benefits

25
skeletal markers of bipedality
foramen magnum, shorter forelimbs, s-shaped spine, round pelvis, bicondylar angle (45-90), non-oppposable big toe
26
traits of austrolopithecus
less robust mastication system, less reliance on bipedality, smaller brain, extant earlier
27
traits of paranthropus
very robust mastication system, more reliance on bipedality, bigger brain, extant later
28
traits of homo
larger brain size, smaller flatter face, increased use of culture, larger overall body size, longer legs shorter arms, decline in sexual dimorphism
29
how tool use is indentified
hand morphology
30
techno-complexes
lomekwian and oldowan
31
meat eating in hominins
32
archaic hominin admixture
genetics show that AMH and neanderthals interbred occasionally (europeans and asian ancestors usually have between 1-4 percent neanderthal dna)
33
theories of human dispersal
out of africa, multiregional continuity, assimilation
34
rise of agriculture
neolithic transition: instead of foraging we see farming because of population growth and cities
35
benefits of agriculture
population growth, specialization of labor, urbanization, institutions, sedentarism,
36
drawbacks of agriculture
disease