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Biology Honors > MIDTERM EXAM > Flashcards

MIDTERM EXAM Flashcards

STUYDSYDDYYDYDD (57 cards)

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1
Q

Overproduction

A

when a species produces more offspring than can survive in the environment

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2
Q

Variation

A

any difference between the individuals in a species or groups of organisms of any species

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3
Q

Competition

A

rivalry between or among living things for territory, resources, goods, mates, etc

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4
Q

Selection

A

preferential survival and reproduction or preferential elimination of individuals with certain genotypes

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical traits

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6
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

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6
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to fit in an environment

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7
Q

Genes

A

basic unit of heredity

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8
Q

Traits

A

a specific characteristic of an individual

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9
Q

Diversity

A

the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems

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10
Q

Mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment

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11
Q

Advantage

A

Some traits make an organism more likely to survive and reproduce in its environment

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of genes

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

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14
Q

Frequency

A

how often a specific variant of a gene (allele) appears within a population

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15
Q

Selective Pressure

A

an evolutionary force that causes a particular phenotype to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions

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16
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the number of organisms that an ecosystem can sustainably support

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17
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring

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18
Q

Resources

A

a substance or object in the environment required by an organism

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19
Q

Generation

A

a successive stage in natural descent of organisms

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20
Q

Deletion

A

When a segment of DNA is lost, so there is a missing segment in the chromosome. These usually result in many genes missing from the chromosome.

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21
Q

Duplication

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A

When a segment of DNA is repeated, creating a longer chromosome. These usually result in multiple copies of genes in the chromosome.

22
Q

Inversion

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A

When a segment of DNA is flipped and then reattached to the same chromosome.

23
Insertion
When a segment of DNA from one chromosome is added to another, unrelated chromosome.
23
Translocation
When two segments from different chromosomes change positions.
24
mRNA
a molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of Amino Acids into Proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
25
tRNA
a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein
25
DNA
a molecule found within cells that carries the genetic information responsible for the development and functioning of an organism, essentially acting as the blueprint for life; it is structured as a double helix, with two strands twisted around each other, and the sequence of bases along the strands encodes genetic information like instructions for protein synthesis
26
Transcription
the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence
27
Translation
the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)
28
Protein
A molecule made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly
28
Amino Acid
the fundamental molecule that serves as the building block for proteins
29
Dystrophin
a large protein located beneath the muscle cell membrane
30
DMD
a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact
31
nucleus
the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes
31
Ribosome
an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
32
adenine
a nitrogenous base, classified as a purine, that serves as one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, pairs with thymine
33
thymine
a pyrimidine nucleobase in the DNA molecule that complementary pairs with adenine
34
uracil
A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of RNA
35
guanine
one of the four main nucleotide bases, pairs with cytosine
36
cytosine
one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, which pairs with guanine to form a base pair
37
nitrogenous base
a molecule that contains nitrogen and acts as a base, forming a key component of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, responsible for storing genetic information
38
codon
a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
39
anti-codon
a three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence
40
enzyme
speeds up chemical reactions within living organisms
41
substrate
the surface on which an organism grows or is attached in biology
42
product
the end result of a chemical reaction within a living organism
43
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
44
optimal temperature
The temperature that works best for a procedure
45
optimal pH
the pH value at which an enzyme can work best
46
denatured
unfolding of a protein
47
Dehydration Synthesis
a chemical reaction where two smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule by removing a water molecule from the combined structure
48
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction where a water molecule is used to break down a larger molecule into smaller components by breaking chemical bonds within the molecule
49
Monomer
a small molecule that can chemically bond with other similar molecules to form a larger molecule called a polymer
50
Polymer
any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers
51

Biology Honors (3 decks)

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