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HS 325: Current Issues in Urban Health > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

the environment consists of

A 
external factors
physical
nutritional
social
behavioral
and other factors that act upon humans
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2
Q

the built environment is made up of…

A 
our surroundings
buildings
neighborhoods
streets
roads
parks
cities
THESE ARE ALL MAN MADE; WE CREATE PERMANENT STRUCTURES
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3
Q

Ecology

A

how organisms adapt to the environment
we adapt to our urban environment
(its cold out so we layer up)

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4
Q

natural environment

A

natural elevations
change of weather/ seasons
HUMANS ARE PART OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

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5
Q

social environment

A

relationships we have

family, friends, intimate relationships, coworkers, professors

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6
Q

what is involved in the quality of life

A

public health

population health

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7
Q

community

A

on a smaller scale than population

  1. a group pf individuals with something in common
  2. place/ location
  3. race, ethnicity, religion
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8
Q

gate keepers

A

someone who allows you into the community
have to earn their trust, interact with them etc
resonates the message to the community

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9
Q

health

A

state or condition of the human organism that results from a person’s interactions and adaptations to his or her environment

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10
Q

community health

A

less conventional

multiple approaches

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11
Q

professionals in community health

A

gate keepers
peer educators
empowerment
community organising (civil protesting)

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12
Q

urban health

A

function of living conditions shaped by municipal, social, environal determinants, national and global trends

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13
Q

urban penalty

A

the urban penalty cities concentrate poor or undeserved people and expose them to unhealth, physical and social environment

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14
Q

what are the determinants of individual/population health

A
  1. lifestyle/ behavior (DAILY CHOICES YOU MAKE, DIET, FITNESS, SEX, DRUGS)
  2. socio economics (IMPACTS HEALTH, EDUCATION, OCCUPATION)
  3. environment ( SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT) (WHERE YOU ARE LOCATED)
  4. biology/ genetics (lifestyle choices can affect our biology in the future/ predisposed to conditions, what you are given at birth)
  5. access to health care (PRIMARY PREVENTATIVE CARE)
  6. social/ health policies (IMPACT A MASS AMOUNT OF PEOPLES HEALTH LAWS THAT DIRECT ACTION/ PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH_
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15
Q

leading causes of death and chronic disease are

A

heart disease

cancer

diabetes

stroke

injuries

mental illness

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16
Q

the leading causes of death and disease are related to ….

A

community design choices

CAN BE IMPACTED BY BUILT ENVIRONMENT

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17
Q

public health aims to prevent

A

premature death, disease and disability

THIS IS DONE BY PLANNED PROGRAMS AND INTERVENTION

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18
Q

public health practice is evidence based and relys on

A

surveillance and data collection

BASED ON DATA

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19
Q

major public health strategies include

A

primary prevention
secondary intervention and treatment
tertiary intervention

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20
Q

primary prevention

A

health education

vaccines

policies

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21
Q

secondary intervention and treatment

A

testing/ screening

early detection

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22
Q

tertiary intervention

A

after someone has a disease, condition, surgery etc

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23
Q

epidemiology

A

methodology for data collection, evaluation and public health practice

STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION/ PATTERNS OF DISEASES AND DETERMINENTS OF DISEASE, MORTALITY AND OTHER EVENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE AND THE ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY HEALTH PROBLEMS AND VIABLE SOLUTIONS

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24
Q

empirical scientific principles/ scientific method

A

“hunch”
hypothesis

experiment and gather data, make a conclusion, validate hypothesis through experimentation

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25
public health
assessment through data gathering, indentification of problems, propose solutions
26
what are some of the 20th century achievements in public health
vaccination motor vehicle safety control of infectious diseases decline of deaths from CHD and stroke healthier mothers and babies safer and healthier foods safer work places family planning fluoridation of drinking water recognition of tobacco use as a health hazzard
27
what are the 4 overachieving goals of the Healthy People 2020
1. attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death 2. achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups 3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all 4. promote quality of life, health development, amd healthy behaviors across all life stages
28
epidemic
unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health related behavior or event, in a particular population THIS IS AN OUTBREAK
29
endemic
disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
30
pandemic
outbreak over wide geographic area
31
descriptive epidemiology
vital statistics : the life book keeping of a community PERSON, PLACE, TIME CREATE HYPOTHESIS measures of mortality measures of morbidity
32
analytical epidemoilogy
epi studies: to show causality and to understand the etiology of disease CASE CONTROL, COHORT
33
central limit theory
we can make generalizations about a large population when its impractical to ask every single person CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY
34
epidemiology tools for public health practice
assessment of population health identifying health problems surveillance and monitor health of population identifying determinants of health designing and assessing interventions
35
what are the measures of population health
life expectancy (avg. life span) leading causes of death measures of morbidity disease specific mortality rates infant and child mortality rates years of potential life lost: NUMBER OF YEARS LOST WHEN DEATH OCCURS BEFORE ONE'S LIFE EXPECTANCY measures of poverty measures of vulnerability
36
what is the primary reason for disease
community sanitation
37
infant mortality rate birth rate death rate
infant mortality rate: 4/1000 births birth rate: 16 births/ 1000 death rate: 7 deaths/ 1000
38
incidence rate
number of new health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time, divided by total # in same population
39
prevalence rate
number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total # in that population
40
attack rate
incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak, expressed as a percentage
41
incidence rates are important to study ...
acute diseases
42
prevalence rates are more useful to study ...
chronic diseases
43
incidence and prevalence rates expressed as ...
crude or specific
44
age adjusted rates
used to make comparisons of relative risks across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure
45
what is saturated fat
``` found primarily in animal products meat butter cheese plam/ coconut oils can elevate blood cholesterol ```
46
what is unsaturated fat
``` primarily in plant products vegetable oil nuts seeds fish these lower blood cholesterol ```
47
what is trans fat
unsaturated fat present in margarine, hydrogenated oil, shortening, pastries, and some cooking oils can increase the risk of heart disease
48
what is meant by food security
access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, wholesome and nutritious food
49
nonessential nutrients
substances required for normal growth and health that the body can manufacture in sufficient amounts from other sources in the diet do no require a dietary source
50
essential nutrients
substances required by the body that the body cannot produce (or make enough of) and must be obtained in the diet
51
examples of essential nutrients
biotin vitamin a vitamin c fluroide chloride
52
benefits of phytochemicals
chemical substances in plants that perform important functions in the human body
53
benefits of antioxidants
chemical substances that prevent or repair cell damage caused by oxidizing agents such as environmental pollutants, smoke, ozone and oxygen
54
what are the US guidelines with regard to physical activity
at least 30 mins of exercise on most days of the week to reduce risk of chronic disease at least 60 mins of exercise on most days of the week to maintain body weight 60-90 mins of exercise on most days of the week to sustain weight loss in adulthood .
55
what are the USDA dietary guidelines for americans with regard to nutrients needed, fats, carbs, protein, vitamins?
fats: consume less than 10% of calories from saturated fatty acids, total fat intake between 20-35% of calories carbohydrates: choose fiber rich fruits vegetables and whole grains. foods and beverages with little added sugars or caloric sweeteners
56
active transportation
any form of self propelled transportation allows Physical activity to be incorporated into daily routine (walking or biking to work/school)
57
what are the 6 categories of nutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals , water
58
how do the 3 levels in risk communication differ?
updates/ FYI: no action advisory: some action alert: immediate action/ life or death
59
what are vital statistics?
relate to the life of history of communities or nations "life bookkeeping of a community" data of marriages, divorces, births, diseases, and death
60
3 ways that vital statistics are collected
enumeration registration reporting
61
incidence
the rate or frequency of a disease | THE RISK OF GETTING A DISEASE
62
prevalence
How widespread the disease is
63
morbidity
the condition of being ill or having a disease
64
mortality
the rate of deaths
65
what are the 5 food groups?
``` fruits vegetables dairy proteins grains ```
66
nutritional environment
places in a community where people buy or eat food
67
communicable disease
infectious diseases!!! are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another Mumps TB HIV
68
chronic disease
A disease that persists for a long time. A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more

HS 325: Current Issues in Urban Health (1 decks)

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