MidTerm Exam Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Open dating
A
Found on perishable foods
Meat, poultry, eggs
2
Q
Closed/coded dating
A
Found on shelf stable products
Canned goods, boxed foods
3
Q
Sell by date
A
How long to display the product for sale
4
Q
Use by
A
Recommended use of the product while at peak quality
5
Q
Best if used by
A
Not a purchase or safety date, it is for best flavor and quality
6
Q
Closed or coded dates
A
Used by manufacturers to locate and track
7
Q
What do foods get when there becomes an odor and different flavor
A
Spoilage bacteria
8
Q
What happens if foods are mishandled
A
They can cause food-borne illness
9
Q
Chronic diseases
A
Long term that aren’t contagious and very preventable
10
Q
Factors that increase the risk of chronic diseases
A
Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, genetics
11
Q
7 out of 10 deaths are due to
A
Non communicable diseases
12
Q
Progress has been made clear on reducing unsafe water and sanitation but _______ are an increasing threat
A
Diet obesity and drug
13
Q
Epidemiological transition
A
Patterns of disease shift away from infectious and nutrient deficiencies
14
Q
Nutrition transition
A
Shifts towards higher density diet with a greater role for fat and added sugars in foods
15
Q
Sensory characteristics
A
Taste is number one factor to determine food choices
Flavor, appearance, texture
16
Q
Dorito effect
A
Taste shape, can’t have just one
17
Q
When are most chronic diseases expressed
A
Adulthood, main burden is seen in people older than 60
18
Q
Macronutrients
A
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
19
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Nutrient that is the main source of energy for the body
20
Q
Simple carbs
A
Sugars that provide quick energy
Fruits, honey,milk
21
Q
Complex carbs
A
Sugars that form long chains
Grains vegetables, rice
22
Q
Fiber
A
Part of fiber and grains that can’t be digested
23
Q
Insoluble fiber
A
Bonds with water to produce bowl movements (prevent constipation)
24
Q
Soluble fiber
A
Reduces blood cholesterol level and risk of heart disease
25
What is ketoacidosis
State where body breaks down fat for energy, levels of ketones raise in blood
26
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Based on scientific knowledge presented by the food nutrition board (FNB) of the national Academy of Sciences (NAS)
27
Defect of overconsumption of protein
To much used can impose metabolic burden on the bones kidneys and liver
28
High protein/ high meat diets may be associated with
Risk of coronary heart disease due to saturated and cholesterol or even cancer
29
80% of ___________ are attributed to dietary practices
Breast, bowel and prostate cancers
30
How much oil per day is healthy
6 teaspoons or 2 tablespoons
31
Sources of dietary fats
Animal- meat, dairy
Plant- vegetables, oil, nuts
Hidden-fries, pizza, pasta
32
Weight gain occurs when
Energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
33
How is excess energy stored
As triglycerides
34
Risk of cancer decreased with diets of
Fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, low in trans fats
35
There is a correlation between trans fats and
Cancer
36
Connection between salt and
Stomach cancer, upper throat cancer
37
After tobacco, ________ seems to be most avoidable cause of cancers in populations with western patterns of cancer incidents
Overweight/ obesity
38
Under consumes nutrients and nutrients of public health concern
Many consume amounts of nutrients below adequate intake levels
39
Which nutrients are under consumed by many people
Potassium, dietary fiber, magnesium, calcium, vitamins-ADEC
40
Low intakes of nutritious food groups- vegetables, fruits, whole grains and dairy
Lead to lack of nutrients intake and unhealthy eating patterns
41
Low intakes of dietary fiber are due to
Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
42
Low intakes of potassium are due to
Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, dairy
43
Sunlight on the skin enables the body to make
Vitamin D
44
Acculturation
Process by which individuals adopt attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, of a new culture
45
Our bodies contain more than ____ cells
100 billion
46
Does your body have more human cells or microbiome cells
Microbiome 100 trillion
47
Where can microbiome cells be found throughout the body
Diverse they can be found nearly everywhere
48
Where do microbiomes concentrate throughout the body
Nose, uterus, digestive system, shoulder, teeth
49
What does S. Mutans do to your teeth
Causes decay, weakens enamel, produces sugars and lactic acid
50
What does S. Mitis do for your teeth
Forms biofilm on enamel, if enters blood stream can cause inflammation of heart
51
What does the B. Subtilis do
Form spores, found in human gut, used to make soybean product
52
Number of _____ varies from person to person
Microbes
53
What are the functions of the gut microbiota
- Stick to intestinal wall,
- harmful bacteria cannot produce antimicrobial substances,
- produce mucin to boost immunity
- digest certain foods
- Produces vitamins and absorbs nutrients
54
What is key to ensuring proper digestive function
Balanced gut microbiota
55
What is the mucosa
Inner most layer of gastrointestinal tract
56
What is the mucosa made up of
Epithelium
57
Front lines of immune defense
Immunoglobulin
58
Food moves through your digestive system by process called
Peristalsis
59
What is the function of the small intestines
Digests food, extracts nutrients
60
After food passes through small intestines it goes into
The 6 foot colon/ large intestines
61
What are the gate keepers of the gut
Epithelial cells/colonocytes
62
Where is the largest number of bacterial cells found
In the large intestines
63
Human gut microbiota are dominated by
Four main phyla
64
When the body essentially attacks itself
Autoimmune disease
65
Immune system is comprised of
T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
66
Dendritic cells are a link between
Bodily tissues and immune system
67
What can alter digestive systems environment
Antibiotics
68
Acid reducing medication can cause
Bad bacteria make way to colon, causing dysbiosis
69
What can C. Difficile do
cause Bacterial imbalance
70
Chronically intestinal inflammation
Crohn’s disease
71
Beneficial bacteria are known as
Probiotics
72
Existing together without harm
Commensal relationship
73
People who eat red meat have higher risk of
Heart disease
74
What does the centers for disease control (CDC) measure
To little or to much consumption
Morbidity rates
Measure deaths and illness
75
While TB incident has decreased what has increased
Type 2 diabetes
76
Metabolic syndrome is a
Multifaceted syndrome
77
By itself _____ is not considered a disease
Obesity
78
Reasons for obesity in poor countries
Impacts of population growth
Decreased physical activity
Over consumption of high energy foods
79
What does visceral fat do
Wraps around the internal organs
80
What does subcutaneous fat do
Lies under skin around belly thighs and rear
81
What fat is linked to metabolic disease
Visceral fat
82
What causes the inflammatory trigger in obesity
Excess high fat diet
83
Signs of an inflammatory response
Molecule from a microbe
Parasite
Foreign body
Injured tissue
84
What is good to the gut bacteria
Bacteroidetes
85
Bad to the gut microbes
Firmicutes
86
Diabetes is leading cause of
Kidney failure
Lower limb amputations
Cases of blindness among adults
87
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes is influenced by
Genetics
| Obesity
88
Insulin and glucagon are
Hormones that regulate blood glucose and energy storage, produced by the pancreas
89
Elevated blood glucose levels can damage blood vessels and lead to
CVD
90
What is atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
91
Dietary cholesterol comes from
Only animal products
92
High density lipoproteins at
Good
| Connected with decreased risk of heart disease
93
Low density lipoproteins
Bad
| Connected with increased risk of heart disease
94
What can occur as an effect of atherosclerosis
Heart attack
95
Are Premenopausal women less prone to heart disease than men
Yes
96
Oxidation is a chemical process cause by
Oxygen free radicals
97
What do free radicals do
Oxidize density lipoproteins
98
Two types of inflammation
Acute
| Chronic
99
Why is inflammation characterized by
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, some immobility
100
What are cytokines
Small molecules released by cells into the blood, activate inflammation
101
Cytokines storms do what to the body
Have potential to do harm to the body
102
70% of immune cells are in our
Digestive system
103
Anti inflammatory food component
Omega 3 fatty acids
104
Antioxidant nutrients
Vitamins E and C
105
Free radicals are produced in the body when
Oxygen is breathed
| Foods are eaten
106
What are essential to many metabolic reactions in the body
Free radicals
107
Most frequent types of cancer in US
Lung, Breast, colon
108
Stomach cancer is frequent in
Japan
109
_____ cancer is prominent in US
Colon
110
Which bacterium causes stomach ulcers, increased risk of stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori,
111
Chemicals and radiation damage genes and make them more susceptible to
Cancer
112
Cancer develops in three stages
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
113
3 food groups that can form cancer causing chemicals
All meats
Poultry
Fish
114
When proteins are heated
Carcinogens appear
115
HCAs are forked when
Extreme heat causes chemical reaction between amino acids
116
Fat flares
PAH
117
Blackened skin
HCA
118
Beneficial bacteria
Probiotics
119
Lactobacillus found in
Small intestine
120
Ileum bifidobacteria
Found in large intestine
121
Fermented mil is best example of
Early probiotic
122
Lactic acidosis bacteria is used for
Preservation of food
123
Can vegetables be fermented
Yes
124
Biopreservation
Extension of shelf life and food safety
125
Fermentation
Process of growth of organisms in foods
126
Example of fermented, biopreserved product
Yogurt
127
Probiotics when consumed can confer
Health benefits to the host
128
Microorganisms can
Colonize the guy
129
Probiotic improves the
Intestinal microbial balance
130
Most commonly used probiotics
Lactobacillus spp
Bifidobacterium spp
Lactococcus spp
131
Probiotics can degrade toxins produced by
Pathogenic bacteria
132
What are prebiotics
Non digestible food ingredients that help grow good bacteria
133
Commonly known prebiotics
Oligofructose
Insulin
Galactic- olgosaccharides
134
What are symbiotic
Combo of both pre and pro biotics
135
What is gastroenteritis
Severe inflammation to the GI tract
136
What prevents travelers diarrhea
Probiotics
137
IDB
Irritable bowel Disease
138
Intestinal microbiota May contribute to
Obesity
139
Which bacteria does probiotics reduce in the stomach
H pylori bacteria
140
What are probiotics considered
Supplements
141
Probiotics should be taken under medical direction
Don’t take them like a multivitamin
142
Most common species found in probiotics
Lactobacillus
| Bifidobacterium
