Midterm Exam Review (Module 1-6) (Questions)

Question 1

Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that ________________________

Answer 1

one can know through observations.

Question 2

Risking life in the name of science by conducting controversial research can be an example of what by-product of cultural transmission?
symbolism
an attempt to gain prestige
courage
problem solving

Answer 2

an attempt to gain prestige

Question 3

According to Henrich and Gil-White (2001)’s theory of prestige, celebrities are ________________ and their fans are ________________________.
copiers, models
creators, copiers
inventors, copiers
models, copiers

Answer 3

models; copiers

Question 4

Science can be defined as

Answer 4

a process of obtaining knowledge through systematic observations and critical thinking.

Question 5

What does some historical and empirical evidence suggest about the association between human population and innovation?

Answer 5

Greater number of people is associated with more innovation.

Question 6

According to Henrich and Gil-White (2001), individuals with skills are ___________ and the rest are ______________________
models, copiers
scientists, users of science
creators, copiers
copiers, models

Answer 6

models, copiers

Question 7

What is one crucial difference between the scientific methods and Plato’s method of inquiry?
Unlike science, Plato constantly questioned things around him.
Plato relied on reasoning.
Plato did not believe in reliability (true reality) of knowledge obtained through observations.
science is about understanding the natural world and Plato attempted to understand the supernatural world.

Answer 7

Plato did not believe in reliability (true reality) of knowledge obtained through observations.

Question 8

Similar to the modern science, Aristotle believed ___________________________.
that the truth existing in abstractions.
in universals.
that the absolute knowledge is accessible through senses only.
in making inquiries through observations

Answer 8

in making inquiries through observations

Question 9

Choose the best answer: Given the definition of critical thinking, what aspect of it is the most important to science?
logic
arguing for the sake of arguing
evaluation of claim based on evidence
remembering all the facts of the matter

Answer 9

evaluation of claim based on evidence

Question 10

What is one of the rudimentary differences between the way humans and chimpanzees accumulate knowledge?

Answer 10

humans will go to great lengths to pass on new knowledge to the next generation.

Question 11

Expressing one’s thoughts through art is an example of __________________
science
high IQ
using intellect
using symbolism

Answer 11

Using symbolism

Question 12

What is one of the rudimentary differences between the way humans and chimpanzees accumulate knowledge?
humans use problem solving skills and chimpanzees don’t.
humans will go to great lengths to pass on new knowledge to the next generation.
humans cooperate with others while chimpanzees work alone.
humans use communication to transmit information and chimpanzees lack the skills to communicate.

Answer 12

humans will go to great lengths to pass on new knowledge to the next generation.

Question 13

What human trait sets us apart from the apes and motivates us to pass on knowledge from generation to generation?
greed
aggression
fear
prosociality

Answer 13

prosociality

Question 14

Finish the sentence: Scientific approach to knowledge gathering ____________________________________.
came together, gradually, and, mainly, due to the following unique human traits: problem solving and curiosity.
came together, gradually, and as a result of such human traits as tendency for social transmission of knowledge and symbolism.
were invented during the Renaissance.
was the invention of the ancient Egyptians

Answer 14

came together, gradually, and as a result of such human traits as tendency for social transmission of knowledge and symbolism.

Question 15

Risking life in the name of science by conducting controversial research can be an example of what by-product of cultural transmission?
problem solving
symbolism
courage
an attempt to gain prestige

Answer 15

an attempt to gain prestige

Question 16

Unlike non-humans, we accumulate knowledge successfully through __________________________.
problem solving
communication
cultural transmission
learning

Answer 16

cultural transmission

Question 17

Choose ALL that applies: Critical thinking entails _____________________________
reflective thinking
abstaining from drawing any conclusions despite the evidence.
drawing most reasonable conclusion, when given the evidence.
evaluation of evidence

Answer 17

reflective thinking
drawing most reasonable conclusion, when given the evidence.
evaluation of evidence

Question 18

Research process is ______________
curvilinear
cyclical
linear
a line with a positive slope.

Answer 18

cyclical

Question 19

Induction is _________________
logical inquiry
reasoning from specific to general
searching for evidence
reasoning from general to specific

Answer 19

reasoning from specific to general

Question 20

Deduction is ______________________
serching for evidence.
reasoning from general to specific.
logical inquiry
reasoning from specific to general.

Answer 20

reasoning from general to specific.

Question 21

Unsystematic observations is an example of _________________________.
a form of modern research methods
an unscientific form of inquiry
a scientific form of inquiry
a literature gathering

Answer 21

an unscientific form of inquiry

Question 22

Another name for empiricism is _________________________
experimentation
asking the right questions
systematic observations
unsystematic observations

Answer 22

systematic observations

Question 23

” I always get an A when I study by trying to understand, rather than memorizing things. Thus, I will get an A on this class if I use the same method.” This is an example of _____________________________approach.
learning from authority
top-down approach
bottom-up approach
wishful thinking

Answer 23

top-down approach

Question 24

Choose ALL that apply: Why do some scholars believe that the humanist movement gave rise to science?
people were turning to the methods that would allow them to find objective ways of learning.
It gave rise to more humane treatment of all people.
It started the tradition of exploring the natural world.
To gain popularity and power, the church invested a lot of money into the humanist movement which then helped the scientific movement.

Answer 24

It started the tradition of exploring the natural world.
people were turning to the methods that would allow them to find objective ways of learning.

Question 25

It seems logical to assume that if you give too much attention to your child, you might spoil him--make him too needy. This is an example of _____________________________________. being influenced by authority. relying on unsystematic observations. knowing by way of reasoning. a scientific evidence gathering

Answer 25

knowing by way of reasoning.

Question 26

Choose one research area that meets the falsifiability standard. Are ghosts real? the question of whether the subconscious personality constructs, the id, the ego and the super-ego are in constant battles with one another. the question of whether "opposites attract" (people of different personalities tend to be attracted to each other). my astrology prediction for this week

Answer 26

the question of whether "opposites attract" (people of different personalities tend to be attracted to each other).

Question 27

Population of interest is _______________ and sample is ___________________________- all people; only participants of a study everyone who is interested in the study; a selection of people who is geographically close to the location of where the study takes place. about whom or what you will generalize; participants or entities collected for the study everyone who is interested in the study; randomly selected people

Answer 27

about whom or what you will generalize; participants or entities collected for the study

Question 28

Content analysis is what you will do for your research project. This means that your study will have a higher __________ and lower___________ than a typical experimental study. internal reliability; external validity external validity; internal validity external validity; internal reliability internal validity; external validity

Answer 28

external validity; internal validity

Question 29

The General Aggression Model offers an explanation to why some people develop aggressive tendencies. This model can also generate many hypotheses. Therefore, this model is ____________________________ valid unreliable falsifiable non-parsimonious

Answer 29

falsifiable

Question 30

One crucial difference between Hume's and Descartes' method of knowledge gathering is ___________ that Descartes used bottom-up process and Hume believed in the top-down approach. that unlike Descartes, who only relied on reasoning, Hume used observations. Descartes was a philosopher and Hume was a scientist Descartes used logic and Hume did not believe in rational thinking.

Answer 30

that unlike Descartes, who only relied on reasoning, Hume used observations.

Question 31

My friend likes to give me parenting advice. She believes that because her daughters are very smart and well-behaved she knows how to parent. My friend relies on what type of knowledge gathering? systematic observations experimentation unsystematic observations authority

Answer 31

unsystematic observations

Question 32

Researchers Anderson and Dill used the General Aggression Model to test four hypotheses about the role of violent media in influencing people's behavior. This is an example of _______________________ induction confirmation bias disconfirmation deduction

Answer 32

deduction

Question 33

Choose one research area that meets the falsifiability standard. the question of whether "opposites attract" (people of different personalities tend to be attracted to each other). my astrology prediction for this week the question of whether the subconscious personality constructs, the id, the ego and the super-ego are in constant battles with one another. Are ghosts real?

Answer 33

the question of whether "opposites attract" (people of different personalities tend to be attracted to each other).

Question 34

The first known human technology is _______________

Answer 34

Oldowan stone tools

Question 35

The contribution of early Greek philosophers to science was _________________________.

Answer 35

that for the first time people began questioning the natural order of things for the sake of knowledge rather than for some practical reasons.

Question 36

_______________was the precursor of psychology.

Answer 36

philosophy

Question 37

What do Greek philosophy and science have always in common?

Answer 37

both apply critical thinking

Question 38

Choose ALL that apply: Plato categorized world into ___________________ and ______________________.

Answer 38

sensible & intelligible

Question 39

Unlike non-humans, we accumulate knowledge successfully through __________________________.

Answer 39

cultural transmission

Question 40

The rational school of thought was led by _____________.

Answer 40

Descartes

Question 41

Determinism is ___________________

Answer 41

the idea that every event has its cause.

Question 42

What are Galileo, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Kepler together known for?

Answer 42

their work towards the discovery of the heliocentric (Sun-centered) system

Question 43

____________was an intellectual movement during the Renaissance, that focused on__________________.

Answer 43

humanism; the natural world

Question 44

Choose ALL that apply: In most (if not all) psychology classes (including this one) the students are asked to think critically about what they read or hear. Why?

Answer 44

Reliance on authority can be unreliable, reasoning can be flawed Not all sources may be based on science

Question 45

Even Aristotle was wrong about many things. What does this fact prove?

Answer 45

that relying on authority does not guarantee that you will get the right answer.

Question 46

A researcher studies how personality (extraversion) affects quality of romantic relationships. To measure couples' personalities, he observes them at a restaurant and rate their behavior on some scale, ranging from 1 (lowest level of extraversion) to 7 (highest level of extraversion). The measurement scale of the variable 'extraversion' is_____________________________. Nominal Ordinal Ratio Interval

Answer 46

Ordinal

Question 47

There are many ways to define 'data'. Please choose the most appropriate definition. people with observations All observations that must be measured and used in analyses. measured variables that come from experimental studies constructs.

Answer 47

All observations that must be measured and used in analyses.

Question 48

You study the effect of video games on players' behavior. However, you also know that more men than women play video games; and you also know that, on average, men tend to be more aggressive than women. Gender in this case is____________________. an independent variable a dependent variable a construct. a confounding variable

Answer 48

a confounding variable

Question 49

Suppose a researcher wants to test a theory that a genuine smile reflects a permanent positive disposition. Choose a study that applies a disconfirmation strategy to test this theory. It is not possible to apply a disconfirmation strategy to test this theory. Researchers will test an association between Facebook profile photos of people displaying genuine smiles and the number of their Facebook friends. They predict that people who display genuine smiles in their profile pictures have more friends. The theory is not falsifiable. Researchers will test an association between Facebook profile photos of people displaying genuine smiles and the number of their Facebook friends. They predict that people who display genuine smiles in their profile pictures have less friends.

Answer 49

Researchers will test an association between Facebook profile photos of people displaying genuine smiles and the number of their Facebook friends. They predict that people who display genuine smiles in their profile pictures have less friends.

Question 50

A researcher hypothesizes that gender stereotypes observed on TV are caused by the social roles that men and women usually assigned to. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is __________ and the independent variable is ________________. social roles; gender stereotypes stereotypes; gender gender stereotypes; social roles cannot be determined yet.

Answer 50

gender stereotypes; social roles

Question 51

A researcher hypothesizes that competitiveness of the video games predicts the degree of their violent content. The criterion in this hypothesis is___________________ and the predictor is _________________. competitiveness; the person who plays the video game the person who plays the video games; competitiveness violence; competitiveness competitivenss; violence

Answer 51

violence; competitiveness

Question 52

Identify the characteristics of a good research question. Choose ALL that apply. groundbreaking Carries important implication Clearly articulated Grounded in previous research

Answer 52

Carries important implication Clearly articulated Grounded in previous research

Question 53

Choose ALL THAT APPLY. Conducting literature review is important for _____________________ understanding the gaps in the literature being able to make sense of the results developing a research plan knowing what to hypothesize

Answer 53

understanding the gaps in the literature being able to make sense of the results developing a research plan knowing what to hypothesize

Question 54

Conceptual definition is expressed in ____________________ terms and operational definition is the one that provides ___________________. concrete; theoretical support concrete; ideological support unit of concept; unit of operations theoretical; concrete ways to measure the construct

Answer 54

theoretical; concrete ways to measure the construct

Question 55

Suppose you are conducting a content analysis to address this research question: " Masculinity and femininity in the main leading characters of the action films released in movie theaters in 2024 are significantly lower than in the action films released in movie theaters in 2023. What is the best sampling strategy for this study? systematic sampling cluster sampling simple random stratified sampling

Answer 55

simple random

Question 56

You are coding a TV show. Your research procedure requires that you pause every 10 minutes to record the presence or the absence of an aggressive act. The pausing is your __________________________. unit of observation unit of coding unit of analysis operational definition

Answer 56

unit of coding

Question 57

'Receiving or giving a sexual gaze' is most likely a (an) _______________________to 'sexual behavior' in a content analysis. construct operational definition conceptual definition theoretical perspective

Answer 57

operational definition

Question 58

A construct is ________________________________. a variable an abstract idea a theory a unit of sample

Answer 58

an abstract idea

Question 59

A researcher collects a sample of TV commercials to code for their emotional tone. Let's assume that the researcher is studying 'emotionality'. And he wants to know whether TV commercials differ in terms of emotionality based on the type of product they advertise. The unit of analysis is __________________ and emotionality is _______________ commercials; construct product; unit of coding commericals; unit of context product; unit of analysis

Answer 59

commercials; construct

Question 60

You are working on a content analysis. Your hypothesis is that romantic comedy will depict women in more stereotypical ways than action-adventure movies. Stereotypical depiction of women is rated on a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 means least stereotypical and 7 very stereotypical. After you have coded 5 films (half of them were romantic comedy and the other half were action films), you entered the codes into a spreadsheet. What's the unit of analysis? The data looks like this: Films Genres 1 or 0 Stereotypical Genre Women and Men Films Stereotypes

Answer 60

Films

Question 61

According to Wikipedia, sexual objectification of women is "when a woman is being viewed primarily as an object of male sexual desire, rather than as a whole person." This definition can be considered as _________________________________. an operational definition a constructive definition a conceptual definition a unit of coding

Answer 61

a conceptual definition

Question 62

How many probability sampling techniques are there? 10 4 6 2

Answer 62

4

Question 63

Why would someone use qualitative data in research ? Qualitative data are the easiest to study. to avoid quantitative data. When the nature of the phenomena under investigation is qualitative. to increase data reliability

Answer 63

When the nature of the phenomena under investigation is qualitative.

Question 64

Suppose a researcher sets out to conduct an observational study to follow up on the question raised in Derefinko et al. (2011), which is whether "different facets of impulsivity predict different types of aggression?". Impulsivity, in this study, is a (an)___________________and aggression is a (an)__________________________. predictor; criterion predictor; dependent variable independent variable; dependent variable criterion; predictor

Answer 64

predictor; criterion

Question 65

The strength of observational method is that it provides high internal validity. True False

Answer 65

False

Question 66

What research design should be used to study the following research question:"Do mothers and toddlers tend to talk more about emotions when they see sad or happy pictures?" The researcher knows that to be able to compare mother-child conversations , all dyads (i.e., mother-child pairs) would have to see the same sad and happy pictures. structured observations naturalistic observations experimental observations reliable observations

Answer 66

structured observations

Question 67

Suppose the research goal is to examine the relationship between the primary caregiver's parenting style and child's level of aggression. The research team must control as many extraneous variables as possible. Therefore, the most appropriate method for this study is ___________________________- systematic coding analysis case study naturalistic observation structured observation

Answer 67

structured observation

Question 68

Which of the listed below research goals is most likely to be addressed using observational method. Is empathy biologically rooted? does playing music improve learning? Dr. Baumeister and colleagues have asked the following question "Does high self-esteem cause personal and work-related success?". How often toddlers engage in altruistic behavior in day-care settings?

Answer 68

How often toddlers engage in altruistic behavior in day-care settings?

Question 69

Observational studies can inform theories. True False

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Irwin and Gross (1995) observed children after they played video games with aggressive or nonaggressive themes. One of their findings was that children who played aggressive video games also behaved aggressively more often during free play. Aggression was most likely quantified in terms of its Intensity frequency duration category

Answer 70

frequency

Question 71

In an observational study by Hubbard et al. (2001), researchers studied a correlation between boys’ social cognition and their aggressive behavior. Suppose that they hypothesized that boys' aggression is driven by their social cognition. Aggression, in such case, is _________________ and social cognition is ________________. independent variable; dependent variable predictor; criterion dependent; independent variables criterion; predictor

Answer 71

criterion; predictor

Question 72

In a study by Hubbard et al. (2001), researchers studied the link between boys’ social cognition and aggressive behavior. Two specific types of aggression were examined: proactive and reactive. Aggression was considered proactive if it was “goal-oriented”, for example when one boy teased another boy. Reactive aggression was an angry retaliation, for example, when one boy responded with frustration or anger (e.g., angry face). What is a construct and its operational definition in this example? an angry retaliation with frustration or anger is a construct and reactive aggression is an operational definition. social cognition is a construct and aggression is its operational definition. goal-oriented behavior such as teasing another boy is a construct and proactive aggression is its operational definition. reactive aggression is a construct and an angry retaliation with frustration or anger is its operational definition.

Answer 72

reactive aggression is a construct and an angry retaliation with frustration or anger is its operational definition.

Question 73

The example of the observational research on inter-subjectivity is used in the text to ___________________________. to demonstrate weaknesses of observational method to illustrate how descriptive studies can explain causes of behavior to demonstrate high internal validity of an observational research to illustrate how descriptive studies can lead to new discoveries

Answer 73

to illustrate how descriptive studies can lead to new discoveries

Question 74

Choose All examples of experimental manipulation. In a study, one group of parents participates in a parenting training program while another group of parents gets financial support. A researcher observed and coded 25 female only and 25 male only commercials. One group of subjects viewed a serious of photos of helpless and vulnerable children while another group of participants viewed photos of kittens and puppies. To measure the effectiveness of a parenting training program, all parents received the training.

Answer 74

In a study, one group of parents participates in a parenting training program while another group of parents gets financial support. One group of subjects viewed a serious of photos of helpless and vulnerable children while another group of participants viewed photos of kittens and puppies.

Question 75

Suppose subjects are randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: Classical Music Session: Participants listen to a selected piece of classical music (e.g., Beethoven's Symphony No. 5) while completing cognitive tasks. Pop Music Session: Participants listen to a selected piece of pop music (e.g., a popular song from the current charts) while completing cognitive tasks. No Music Session: Participants complete cognitive tasks in silence. At the end of the sessions, participants complete three cognitive tasks: memory recall, attention tests, and problem-solving exercises. Select one potential issue that may reduce the internal validity of this experiment. Potential fatigue between the conditions. Subjects' individual differences in music taste may affect the outcome. The order at which the music was delivered. There are not enough conditions to properly generalize the results to larger population.

Answer 75

Subjects' individual differences in music taste may affect the outcome.

Question 76

In a factorial design, the “main effects” are never interpreted because they yield no interesting information. the effects of the most important independent variables on your dependent variable. the changes in the effect of one independent variable over levels of a second. the separate effects of each independent variable on your dependent variable.

Answer 76

the separate effects of each independent variable on your dependent variable.

Question 77

If you have to eliminate individual differences across the conditions, you have to conduct _________________________________ a factorial experiment a sequential experiment a within-subjects design experiment a between-subjects design experiment

Answer 77

a within-subjects design experiment

Question 78

A researcher randomly assigns participants to test their liking of a high calorie drink. The ________ is the comparison group and the ________ is the experimental group in this example. unflavored drink group; flavored drink group flavored drink group; unflavored drink group high calorie group; zero calorie group low calorie group; high calorie group

Answer 78

low calorie group; high calorie group

Question 79

Forty participants are recruited and assigned to all three conditions: A. Studying in the morning B. Studying in the afternoon C. Studying in the evening. The conditions are fully counterbalanced. This is a _________________________________ a latin square design a mixed factorial design a within-subjects design a between-subjects design

Answer 79

a within-subjects design

Question 80

In an experiment on the effects of alcohol on memory, participants are first tested after drinking a nonalcoholic beverage and then tested again after drinking an alcoholic beverage. This is an example of a ________ design. matched pairs between-subjects within-subjects single-subject

Answer 80

within-subjects

Question 81

Suppose subjects are randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: Classical Music Session: Participants listen to a selected piece of classical music (e.g., Beethoven's Symphony No. 5) while completing cognitive tasks. Pop Music Session: Participants listen to a selected piece of pop music (e.g., a popular song from the current charts) while completing cognitive tasks. No Music Session: Participants complete cognitive tasks in silence. At the end of the sessions, participants complete three cognitive tasks: memory recall, attention tests, and problem-solving exercises. It is a ___________________________________________. a between-subjects design a sequential design a factorial design a within-subjects design

Answer 81

a between-subjects design

Question 82

A drawback of testing effectiveness of a program treatment in a within-subjects design is that the external validity of this design is lower than in a between-subjects design the sample size is too small to allow researchers to draw strong conclusions the subjects can get better on their own over time subjects' individual characteristics (e.g., personality, prior mental problems) could potentially confound the outcomes of the study.

Answer 82

the subjects can get better on their own over time

Question 83

A design in which different subjects are randomly assigned to the various groups in the experiment is a ________ design. between-subjects repeated measures single-subject within-subjects

Answer 83

between-subjects

Question 84

My variable is nominal. I should use ___________________as my average. standard deviation the mode the median the mean

Answer 84

the mode

Question 85

Suppose you conduct a study to look at the link between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that these commercials advertise. You make a prediction that household products commercials will include more stereotypical images of men and women than non-household products commercials. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________. there is a difference between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that the TV commercials advertise;there is no difference between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that the TV commercials advertise there is no difference between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that the TV commercials advertise; commercials that advertise household products will have more stereotypes of men and women than non-household products commercials. there will be less stereotypes in commercials targeting young audience; there will be more stereotypes in commercials targeting older audience. commercials that advertise household products will have more stereotypes of men and women than non-household products commercials; there is no difference between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that the TV commercials advertise

Answer 85

there is no difference between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that the TV commercials advertise; commercials that advertise household products will have more stereotypes of men and women than non-household products commercials.

Question 86

To reduce chances of committing a type I error, one can ____________________________. this cannot be controlled accept a lower alpha level accept a higher alpha level rerun the analysis

Answer 86

accept a lower alpha level

Question 87

Suppose you conduct a study to compare reality and non-reality TV shows. You make a prediction that reality shows are less cognitively stimulating than non-reality tv shows. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________. reality and non-reality shows are equally not cognitively stimulating; non-reality shows are less cognitively stimulating. reality shows are less cognitively stimulating; non-reality shows are less cognitively stimulating reality and non-reality TV shows are equally not cognitively stimulating; reality shows are less cognitively stimulating. reading books is more cognitively stimulating; reality shows are more cognitively stimulating.

Answer 87

reality and non-reality TV shows are equally not cognitively stimulating; reality shows are less cognitively stimulating.

Question 88

Choose the best answer: Why do social scientists use theory of probability to test their hypotheses? Using theory of probability for hypothesis testing is only one of the widely accepted options in quantitative research. Because qualitative research is not considered scientific. Social scientist use theory of probability to gain scientific status and recognition for their theories. Because inferences about the results are based on a sample of a population.

Answer 88

Because inferences about the results are based on a sample of a population.

Question 89

When I calculated all three averages for my variable (mean, mode and median), all three were very similar. This tells me what about my distribution ? It is normally distributed It is skewed to the left This doesn't tell you anything about the distribution of the data It is skewed to the right

Answer 89

It is normally distributed

Question 90

I used the General Social Survey data to correlate the following variables: the highest year of school completed by the respondents (ranging from 0 to 20 years) and the number of children they have. The following results I obtained: r=-.273*** and p < .000. What can I conclude? The correlation is significant and positive which means that more educated people have more children. Since there is a significant negative correlation, I can infer that people with more education tend to have more children. Since there is a significant negative correlation, I can infer that people with more education tend to have fewer children. Since the correlation is not significant, I cannot make any inferences.

Answer 90

Since there is a significant negative correlation, I can infer that people with more education tend to have fewer children.

Question 91

Suppose I would like to know if moral reasoning and empathy are associated. What statistics should I use to address my question, given that both variables were measured on an interval scale? pearson correlation (coefficient) independent samples t test central tendency dispersion

Answer 91

pearson correlation (coefficient)

Question 92

Suppose you conduct a study to compare violent and non-violent video games. You make a prediction that more violent video games tend to be more cognitively stimulating than non-violent video games. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________. violent video games are more cognitively stimulating; violent video games are less cognitively stimulating. reading books is more cognitively stimulating; violent video games are more cognitively stimulating. violent and non-violent video games are equally not cognitively stimulating; violent video games are more cognitively stimulating. violent video games are more cognitively stimulating; violent and non-violent video games are equally not cognitively stimulating

Answer 92

violent and non-violent video games are equally not cognitively stimulating; violent video games are more cognitively stimulating.

Question 93

Choose ALL THAT APPLY. The purpose of science is _______________________

Answer 93

to explain to predict to describe

Question 94

What is data?

Answer 94

All observations that have been measured and converted into numbers.

Question 95

Choose ALL THAT APPLY. Finish the sentence: The more specific a theory is ______________________

Answer 95

the more opportunities for testing it. the more chances for it to be confirmed. the more chances for it to be disconfirmed.

Question 96

A researcher is interested in examining the link between audience preferences and different types of TV shows. Types of TV shows is measured on what type of measuring scale?

Answer 96

nominal

Question 97

Where do you find supporting evidence when you formulate your hypothesis?

Answer 97

Articles from peer-reviewed academic journals.

Question 98

A developmental psychologist studies age and cognition. Specifically, the age of each participant is recorded and then, correlated with his/her cognitive skills. Age is measured on what type of measuring scale?

Answer 98

ratio

Question 99

A researcher hypothesizes that people who are drawn to reality shows seek notoriety rather than they are being influenced by the reality shows to seek notoriety. The criterion in this hypothesis is ___________ and the predictor is ____________.

Answer 99

reality shows; people who seek notoriety obse

Question 100

Researcher observes and counts the number of times the baby smiles. This is a _______ scale.

Answer 100

Ratio

Question 101

What research design would you use to address the following research question: "How frequently do parents and children engage in conversations about emotions at home?" _______ observation

Answer 101

naturalistic observation

Question 102

Observational studies can complement experimental methods. T or F

Answer 102

True

Question 103

There is some debate about whether intersubjectivity (shared understanding between two or more people) is either present or absent or varies to some degree so that some people will still share it but not as much as others. If you believe in the first scenario (that it is either shared or not), you would have to use what measuring scale?

Answer 103

Nominal

Question 104

What is similar and different between an observational study and a content analysis?

Answer 104

-both qualitative, non-experimental, and systematic data collection -observation directly observes in real-time, content analyzes existing content -O provides insight to real-world phenomena, C provides insights how info is conveyed in content

Question 105

What kind of research question would you address with an observational study?

Answer 105

questions about understanding behaviors, interactions, or phenomena in natural settings