Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

INTRO TO NEUROSCIENCE - COGS1000 > MIDTERM (first 3 weeks) > Flashcards

MIDTERM (first 3 weeks) Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the role of dendrites

A

receptors pick up signals from other neurons (neurotransmitters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the role of soma

A

takes info from dendrites and stores it at the axon hillock - if the signal is strong enough it is sent to axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the three parts of a neuron

A

soma, dendrites and axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define neuron

A

cells that are specialised for long distance electrical signalling and intercellular communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of the axon

A

signal (action potential) travels down the axons which is covered in myelin (to help prevent the signal from degrading)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is the myelin covering helpful

A

prevents the signal from degrading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the role of axon terminals

A

when the signals reaches the axon terminal it causes the release of neurotransmitters (delivers to the next neuron, repeating the process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the role of glia

A

support the activity of neurons but do not themselves participate in electrical signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the threee types of glia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglialcells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of astrocytes

A

to maintain

  • an appropiate chemical environment
  • secrete substances that influence the construction of new synaptic connection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

oligodendrocytes lay down a laminated lipid rich wrapping called myelin around some axons - Myelin has important effects on the speed of transmission of electrical signals
- subsets of oligodendrocytes can retain neural stem cell properties and can generate new cells in response to injury or disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of microglial cells

A

share properties ewith macrophages
secrete signalling molecules
can modulate local inflammation and influence whether other cells survive or die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the role of sensory systems

A

acquire and process info from the int. and ext. environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the role of motor systems

A

respond to info by generating movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the role of associational systems

A

mediate the most complex and least well characterised brain functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cns

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is grey matter

A

accumulation of cell bodies and neuropil in the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is white matter

A

axon tracts and commissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

directional term: superior

A

above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

directional term: inferior

A

below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

directional term: anterior

A

in front of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

directional term: posterior

A

behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

directional term: sagittal plane

A

separating left and right brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

directional term: coronal plane

A

across front of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the point of a semipermeable membrane
keeps everything thats needed inside, everything unwanted outside
26
what does the intracellular micro-electrode do
measures the electrical potential across the neuronal plasma membrane
27
what is the membrane potential
the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron
28
when at rest what ion is more prevalent inside the cell
K+
29
what is the resting membrane potential
-70mV
30
what does the sodium potassium pump do
transport protein that uses energy to constantly pump 3 Na+ ions out of the cell while pumping two potassium ion s into the cell - more positive ions going out than in, membrane potential is kept negative
31
is resting mem. pot. + or -
-
32
what are the three types of electrical signalling
receptor potentials synaptic potentials action potenitals
33
what are receptor potentials due to?
the activation of sensory neurons by ext. stimuli e.g. light, sound, heat - these neurons respond to touch w a receptor pot. that changes the resting pot. for a fraction of a second
34
what determine the amplitude of receptor potentials
the magnitude of sensory stimulus
35
what do synaptic potentials allow for
the transmission from one neuron to another
36
how do amplitudes vary in synaptic potentials
amplitudes vary to the number of synapses activated, the strength of synapses, the previous amount of synaptic
37
what are action potentials responsible for
long range of transmission of info. within the nervous system and allow the nervous system to transmit info to its target organs
38
what are the 4 phases of action potentials
rising phase overshoot phase falling phase undershoot phase
39
what occurs in the rising phase
when threshold is reached na+ channels open allowing na+ into the cell = massive depolarisation of neuron
40
what occurs in the overshoot phase
reaches peak Na+ channels close K+ channels open
41
what occurs in the falling phase
repolarization (as K+ is coming back into cell)
42
what occurs in the undershoot phase
hyperpolarization - refractory period
43
what the two proteins associated with ion movement
active tranporters | ion channels
44
what do active transporters so
which actively move ions into or out of cells against their concentration gradients
45
what does ion channels do?
( proteins that allow only certain kinds of ions to cross the membrane in the direction of their concentration gradients
46
if the outside is increasingly positive, is it more or less attractive to positively charged K+?
less attractive
47
what is the electrochemical equilibrium
- where net movement stops when equilibrium is reached | - exact balance of two opposing forces
48
what does the balance of chemical and electrical forces at equilibrium mean?
The balance of chemical and electrical forces at equilibrium means that the electrical potential can determine ion fluxes across the membrane, just as the ion gradient can determine the membrane potential
49
if membrane potential is set at the equilibrium potential for K+ is there movement?
no net flux
50
if membrane potential is more negative than K+s equilibrium potential what occurs?
K+ to flow against its concentration gradient
51
how can the electrical potential across the membrane at equilibrium be predicted by?
Nernst equation
52
what is equilibrium potentials dominated by?
the ion with the greatest permeability
53
if the membrane was more permeable to K+, the membrane would approach _____?
-58mV
54
if the membrane was more permeable to Na+, the membrane would approach _____?
+58mV
55
- If K+ and Na+ were equally permeant, then the potential would be ______?
0mV
56
hodgkin hypothesised: the action potenital arises because _____________? and how did they test this?
the action potential arises because the neuronal membrane becomes temporally permeable to Na+ - by removing Na_ from the external medium
57
what did Hodgkin and Katz find when lowering Na+ ?
by lowering the ext. Na+ the rate of rise and and the action potential and its peak amplitude all reduce
58
does lowering Na+ have any effect on resting membrane pot.?
no
59
what does the voltage clamp technique provide?
- voltage clamp technique: permits details characterisation of permeability changes asa function membrane potential and time
60
what does the transient increase in the permeability of the neuronal membrane to Na+ intitate?
action pot.
61
what must action potentials reach in order to occur?
threshold
62
what is the result of the early influx of Na+ ?
transient inward current
63
what is the result of the delayed efflux of K+ ?
sustained outward current
64
who developed the critical staining technique?
camillo golgi
65
what do gap junctions allow for?
for cytoplasmic continuity and the direct transfer of electrical and chemical signals between cells in the nervous system
66
what is the most important additional function of glia?
repairing nervous system damage - acting as stem cells - where they promote regrowth
67
what are dendrites primary targets for>
synaptic input from the axon terminals of other neurons
68
if a neuron has less elaborate dendritic branches do they transmit more or less info.?
less
69
what is the synaptic cleft?
the site of extracellular proteins that influence the diffusion, binding and degradation of the molecules
70
what provides the axon with structural integrity?
its distinct cytoskeleton
71
what is synaptic transmission?
the process by which the information encoded by action potentials is passed on at synaptic contacts to a target cell
72
what constitute a neuropil
a dense tangle od dendrites, axon terminals, and glacial cell processes
73
what fo afferent neurons do?
carry info from the periphery toward the brain or spinal cord
74
what do efferent neurons do
nerve cells that carry info away from the brain
75
what do interneurons participate in?
only in the local aspects of a circuit, based on the short distances over which their axons extend
76
within white matter, what are axons gathered into?
tracts that are more of less analogous to nerves in the periphery
77
what is a receptive field
the region in sensory space within which a stimulus elicts action potential response

INTRO TO NEUROSCIENCE - COGS1000 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions