midterm from study guide

Question 1

what are potential functions of media?

Answer 1

1. create informed citizenship by giving multiple perspectives
2. provide forum 4 elites to debate qualifications for office
3. watchdogs scrutinizing elite behavior

Question 2

who stated the 3 jobs of media in democratic societies?

Answer 2

Shanto Lyengar

Question 3

what happened during the partisan era?

Answer 3

wealthy audiences bc high cost of papers, low circulation/impact, strong factions, citites has 6-8 papers,

Question 4

what happened during the commercial era?

Answer 4

circulation increases ALOT bc of tech/independance/major stories, sensationalism/yellow journalism

Question 5

what happened during the objective era?

Answer 5

journalism profession was sus, columbia school of journalism created, stories became more objective

Question 6

what are the goals of professionalism?

Answer 6

news separated by editorial/business, become truth seekers, move beyond partisianship, objectibve reporting, hold journalists accountable

Question 7

what happened during the interpretive era?

Answer 7

analysis becomes common, decline in credibility, regulatory policy changed 2 favor owners

Question 8

what are the 3 C’s of modern media?

Answer 8

corporate, consolidated, conglomerated

Question 9

when was the partisan era?

Answer 9

1780s-1830s

Question 10

when was the commercial era?

Answer 10

1830s-1900s

Question 11

when was the objective era?

Answer 11

1900s-1970s

Question 12

when was the interpretive era?

Answer 12

1980s-21st century

Question 13

what are the 4 types of ownership?

Answer 13

1. independent (only owns 1)
2. multiple owner (owns several of 1 type)
3. cross media (owns 1 or more of multiple types)
4. conglomerate (owns media and non media)

Question 14

what is old media?

Answer 14

newspapers, magazines, radio, tv

Question 15

what approach did old media use?

Answer 15

top down

Question 16

how do we know old media is in trouble?

Answer 16

less people consume them rn

Question 17

what is new media?

Answer 17

legacies = tv, newspapers with web presence
also, digital natives, aggregators, social media, podcasts, newsletters

Question 18

what does americans relationship with media look like today (usage attitudes)?

Question 19

what are psychological forces shaping decision making?

Answer 19

personal beliefs, likes/dislikes

Question 20

what social forces shaoe decision making?

Answer 20

the world we live in, expectations of others

Question 21

why do psychological and social forces matter?

Answer 21

help us form habits, selective exposure reinforces existing views

Question 22

what is information democratization?

Answer 22

increasing involvement of private citizens in the creation/distribution/exhibition/curation of civically revlevant information

Question 23

what shifts have happened in the relationship between freedom and protection?

Answer 23

the effects of changing presidency, diminishing support shielding press in defamation cases, state/local limits on the rise, unprecedented mistrust

Question 24

what are grabers 5 elements of newsworthiness?

Answer 24

1. strong impact
2. excitement
3. proximity
4. timely
5. novel

Question 25

what does it mean that news is a mirror? or is it something else entirely?

Answer 25

the idea that news coverage reflects reality is unrealistic

Question 26

what evidence do we have that shows bias exists?

Answer 26

surveys find that people see media as leaning opposite of their side

Question 27

what are road blocks to political bias?

Answer 27

code of ethics, journalism training, editors/owners

Question 28

what is the 1st stage of crisis coverage?

Answer 28

crises happen/ media coverage starts, difficulties w/ accuracy (bc its developing), speculation

Question 29

what is the 2nd stage of crisis coverage?

Answer 29

media corrects inaccuracies nad puts event @broader perspective, gov tries 2 instert control of info flow

Question 30

what are the pros of event coverage?

Answer 30

eliminates uncertainty, helps people cope, keeps gears of gov/society turning

Question 31

what are the cons of event coverage?

Answer 31

can lead to panic, possible effects of violent imagery, possible misinformation, diminishing standard for what deserves coverage

Question 32

what are pseudo-crises?

Answer 32

events that are covered like a crises but arent actually

Question 33

what are some examples of pseudo crises?

Answer 33

deaths, personal scandls, crime, trials, 'news of the world'

Question 34

why are pseudo-crises increasingly prominent?

Answer 34

increasingly prominent bc they make the events seem more significant then they actually are

Question 35

what are limits/laws for information gathering

Answer 35

cant get info on basis of just being media, hurdles 2 get gov documents, buisnesses have own set of rules, 'gag orders'

Question 36

what are limits/laws on what can be said?

Answer 36

commercial speech regulated, obscenity laws, high burden of proof for libel/slander