Midterm GED

Question 1

Mearsheimer

Answer 1

Post-CW LIO doomed to fail due to economic inequality, internal sovereignty/national identity crises, and failed interventions

Question 2

Borzel & Zurn

Answer 2

LIO 1: Multilateralism
LIO 2: Post national liberalism
Outcomes: strengthened LIO, weakened LIO or re-emergence of nationalism

Question 3

Lake, Martin & Risse

Answer 3

Challenges to LIO: populism, nationalism and anti-globalism
Sources of resilience: conflict reduction, economic benefits, institutionalization, legitimacy

Question 4

Cooper & Heine

Answer 4

Modern diplomacy: more actors (NGOs, MNCs, IGOs), blurred lines between domestic and foreign policy
new types of diplomacy

Question 5

McConnell & Woon

Answer 5

China’s diplomatic strategy: major country diplomacy balancing heirarchy and equality, BRI & Win-Win model economic partnerships v. geopolitical influence

Question 6

Cheng & Zeng

Answer 6

DSR is a political slogan and moves from the BRI’s physical infrastructure to digital (AI, data centers) , not a fully coherent strategy

Question 7

Hegemonic Stability Theory

Answer 7

a hegemony is required to maintain global order

Question 8

Liberal International Order (LIO)

Answer 8

An international order based on liberal principles such as democracy, free trade, and international institutions

Question 9

Challenges to LIO (Internal)

Answer 9

declining US power, legitimacy crises, inequality, nationalism, populism, erosion of democratic norms

Question 10

Challenges to LIO (External)

Answer 10

rise of China and Russia as revisionist power, climate change, COVID-19, technological disruptions

Question 11

China in the global order

Answer 11

supports economic globalization but resists universal HR norms, uses economic and military power to shape global institutions

Question 12

Outcome of the changing LIO (China)

Answer 12

1. integrate into a reformed LIO
2. create a parallel order challenging Western norms
3. push for changes in the existing order rather than overthrow it

Question 13

Contemporary Challenges in Diplomacy

Answer 13

1. new diplomatic levels
2. expanded actors (hierarchies to networks)

Question 14

Club v Network

Answer 14

Club: exclusive, state-led, elite driven negotiations
Network: complexity across multiple stakeholders, increased democratizations, technology and multilateralism play key roles

Question 15

Role of NGOs in Global Governance

Answer 15

1. Agenda setting
2. International standard setting
3. Decision-making
4. Monitoring and implementation
   * opportunities in UN conferences to shape global priorities

Question 16

PD 2.0 & the Digital Age

Answer 16

social media transformed diplomacy, controlling narratives and managing misinformation, allow states to shape global events

Question 17

Mao Zedong

Answer 17

1st gen, revolutionary diplomacy leaning towards Soviets, ideological radicalization following the Sino-soviet split, rapprochement with the US

Question 18

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 18

2nd gen, shift to development focused diplomacy, open-door policy, non-alignment, economic modernization, national interests over ideology

Question 19

Jiang Zemin & Hu Jintao

Answer 19

3rd & 4th gen, reassurance diplomacy to counter external hostility, engaged in multilateralism, arms control treaties, expansion of diplomacy beyond MFA

Question 20

Xi Jinping

Answer 20

5th gen, more proactive global role, assertion of core interests (south and east china seas), centralization of power, hierarchical relations

Question 21

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Answer 21

represents China’s growing influence, though its execution remains complex, no coherent implementation plan, involved multiple actors (gov’t agencies, state owned enterprises, provincial)

Question 22

Thick v. Thin

Answer 22

Strong institutions v. Limited or light institutionalization

Question 23

Bounded v Unbounded

Answer 23

Restricted group of members v. Most states globally

Question 24

Realist Orders

Answer 24

driven by security competition and power politics, arise in bipolar or multipolar worlds

Question 25

Liberal Orders

Answer 25

promote democracy, open markets, and rules based cooperation, unipolar

Question 26

Agnostic Orders

Answer 26

arise in unipolar world order when the unipole does not have a universalistic ideology

Question 27

Ideological Orders

Answer 27

arise in unipolar world order when the unipole has a universalistic ideology (e.g., liberalism, communism) short lived

Question 28

Future of Global Order

Answer 28

1. Multipolarity Dominates: US, China, Russia, competing bounded orders 2. Emergence of Realist Orders: focus on security and balance of power, military/economic alliances shape int'l relations 3. Economic Competition between Orders: US to counter China's economic rise, BRI geopolitical tool, II's adapt to new power realities

Question 29

LIO I (1)

Answer 29

Post WWII, rule based multilateralism, western dominated, state-centric, limited authority over states, balance between free trade and national regulation

Question 30

LIO II (2)

Answer 30

Post CW, expansion of liberal authority in II's, strong emphasis on democracy, human rights, supranational governance, loss of state sovereignty, increased institutional authority, criticized for double standards, western dominance, institutional inequality

Question 31

Contestations against LIO

Answer 31

Increased Liberal intrusiveness (challenges sovereignty by interfering in domestic affairs) Legitimation Problems (unequal treatment of states, liberal norms imposed on state with different cultural traditions) Crises Moments expose liberal authority: intervention lacked legitimacy, exceeded mandates, perceived failures of economic liberalism or enforce common policies

Question 32

Contestation Strategies

Answer 32

Pushback, Reform, Withdrawal, Dissidence

Question 33

Pushback

Answer 33

Strong influence, rejects Liberal intrusiveness, emphasis on sovereignty and limit human security justifications for interventions

Question 34

Reform

Answer 34

Strong influence, accepts liberal order but demands changes, demand more representation for rising powers

Question 35

Withdrawal

Answer 35

Weak influence, accepts order but disengages from it, EU migration crisis => lack power to reform, non-compliance

Question 36

Dissidence

Answer 36

Weak influence, rejects liberal order entirely, reject international law as a Western construct

Question 37

Resilience in the LIO

Answer 37

Economic interests: globalized businesses depend on free trade/supply chains Institutional Inertia & Legal Frameworks: IO's persistent despite contestations, norm diffusion sustains HR, democracy and multilateralism Public support & legitimacy: younger generations and urban voters continue to favor multilateralism, against populism

Question 38

Track Two diplomacy

Answer 38

informal conflict resolution by NGOs, academics and civil society

Question 39

Future of Diplomacy

Answer 39

Increased complexity, Technological disruption, Evolving global power structures, Greater inclusivity, Resilience & adaptation