Midterm I Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
What is health promotion?
A
The science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health
2
Q
What are the five components of health promotion?
A
Emotional
Social
Intellectual
Spiritual
Physical
3
Q
What is wellness?
A
A state of optimal well-being that is oriented towards maximizing an individuals potential.
4
Q
What is public health?
A
The health of the community across multiple dimensions and disciplines
5
Q
What are the ten essential public health services?
A
Monitor
Diagnose and investigate
Inform, educate, and empower
Mobilize community partnerships
Develop policies and plans
Enforce laws
Link people to other health services
Ensure competent workforce
Evaluate effectiveness
Research
6
Q
Public health takes into account changes made in health _________________?
A
Promotion
7
Q
What is the most important focus of the public health model?
A
Access to and evaluation of services
8
Q
The Western system of medicine follows the _____________ model?
A
Medical
9
Q
The public health model is concerned with the _______________ of the population?
A
Majority
10
Q
The medical model is concerned with the individual _______________?
A
Patient
11
Q
What is the public health model of disease prevention?
A
An epidemiological model that attempts to prevent or reduce a particular illness or social problem in a population by identifying risk factors
12
Q
What gender and age trends are present in addiction?
A
Younger in males and older in females
13
Q
What gender is more at risk for addiction?
A
Male
14
Q
What is primary prevention?
A
Health promotion and addressing risk factors, social, and genetic factors
15
Q
What is secondary prevention?
A
Screening of at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention
16
Q
What is tertiary prevention?
A
Rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life in a sick population
17
Q
Primary prevention targets a(n) ___________ population?
A
Well
18
Q
Secondary prevention targets a(n) _____________ population?
A
At risk (families in need)
19
Q
Tertiary prevention targets a(n) ________________ population?
A
Unhealthy
20
Q
What is optimistic bias?
A
When younger populations underestimate their risk of injury or illness
21
Q
What are the steps for designing a public health model?
A
Define the problem
Identify risk and protective factor
Develop and test intervention strategies
Assure widespread adoption and evaluation
22
Q
What is the first step in designing a public health model?
A
Define the problem
23
Q
What is the second step in designing a public health model?
A
Identify risk and protective factors
24
Q
What is the third step in designing a public health model?
A
Develop and test intervention strategies
25
What is the fourth and final step in designing a public health model?
Assure widespread adoption and evaluation
26
Screening of at risk individuals is a form of _______________ prevention?
Secondary
27
Health promotion and addressing risk factors is a form of _______________ prevention?
Primary
28
Analysis of social and genetic factors is a form of ________________ prevention?
Primary
29
Control of risk factors and early intervention is a form of _______________ prevention?
Secondary
30
Rehabilitation and improving quality of life is a form of ________________ prevention?
Tertiary
31
Public health focuses mostly on ________________ prevention?
Primary
32
Preventing further health complications is a form of _______________ prevention?
Tertiary
33
What is a protective factor against Alzheimer's disease?
Social activity
34
What is a protective factor against heart disease?
Exercise
35
Primary interventions are targeted at the _____________ population before problems occur?
Entire
36
Secondary interventions are targeted at _____________________ to alleviate identified problems and prevent escalation?
At risk (families in need)
37
What does public health define as a "family"?
Any group and/or people that provide care
38
Tertiary interventions are targeted at the _____________ population after problems have set in?
Affected (sick/unhealthy)
39
What is the health belief model?
Model focusing on the individuals perception of the threat to their own health and well-being
40
What are the key concepts of the health belief model?
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits of intervention
Self-efficacy
41
Perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits are key concepts in the _________________ model of public health?
Health belief
42
What is the stages of change model?
Model focusing on the individuals readiness to change or attempt to change towards healthy behaviors and lifestyles
43
What are the steps of the stages of change model?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Decision/determination
Action
Maintenance
44
What step of the stages of change model is the hardest for a patient?
Maintenance
45
What two public health models explain health behaviors at the individual level?
Health belief model and stages of change model
46
What is the social learning theory?
Lifestyle/behavior is explained as a dynamic interaction of personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors that continually influence each other
47
What are the key concepts of the social learning theory?
Behavior capability
Reciprocal determinism
Expectations
Self-efficacy
Observational learning
Reinforcement
48
Reciprocal determinism is a key concept in the ________________ theory?
Social learning
49
Observational learning is a key concept in the ___________________ theory?
Social learning
50
Self-efficacy is a key concept in which models of public health?
Health belief model
Social learning theory
51
What are the steps of the social learning theory?
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
52
Stimuli and focus is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Attention
53
Rehearsing and encoding is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Retention
54
Practice and feedback is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Motor reproduction
55
Reward and reinforcement is associated with what step of the social learning theory?
Motivation
56
Behavior capability and expectations are key concepts in the ___________________ theory?
Social learning
57
What is the community organization theory?
Theory emphasizing active participation in and development of communities that can better evaluate and solve health and social problems
58
What are the key concepts of the community organization theory?
Empowerment
Community competence
Participation and relevance
Issue selection
Critical consciousness
59
What is the organizational change theory?
Concerns processes and strategies for increasing the likelihood that healthy policies and programs will be adopted and maintained in formal organization
60
What is the diffusion of innovations theory?
Theory addressing how new ideas, products, and social practices spread within a society or from one society to another
61
What are the key concepts of the diffusion of innovations theory?
Relative advantage
Compatibility
Complexity
Trial-ability
Observability
62
What is culture?
The sum total of the way of living including values, beliefs, standards, language, thinking patterns, behavioral norms, communications styles etc. that guides decisions and actions of a group through time
63
What is meliorism?
What can be done to make something better
64
Meliorism and activism are a part of the culture of ______________ medicine?
Western
65
Dominance over nature is a part of the culture of _______________ medicine?
Western
66
Future orientation (newer=better) is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
67
Standardization is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
68
Therapeutic aggressiveness is a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
69
Activism and timeliness are a part of the culture of ________________ medicine?
Western
70
What is cultural competence?
A set of congruent behaviors, practices, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system or agency or among professionals, enabling effective work to be done in cross-cultural situations
71
What is cultural destructiveness?
Forced assimilation, subjugation, rights, and privileges for dominant groups only
72
What is cultural incapacity?
Racism, maintenance of stereotypes, unfair hiring practices
73
What is cultural blindness?
Differences are ignored and everyone is treated the same to meet the needs of the dominant groups
74
What is cultural proficiency?
Implementation of changes to improve services based upon cultural needs, do research, and teach
75
What are the steps of intercultural development?
Denial
Polarization
Minimization
Acceptance
Adaptation
76
What is the LEARN model?
Listen to the patient's perception of the problem
Explain your perception of the problem
Acknowledge and discuss differences/similarities
Recommend treatment
Negotiate treatment
77
What are the Healthy People initiatives?
Organized national approach in public health planning
78
When was the first Healthy People initiative?
1979
79
When did healthy people 2020 initiate?
2010 (Always ten years earlier)
80
What was the only goal accomplished by Healthy People 2020?
More calcium supplementation in food
81
What is the vision statement of Healthy People 2030?
A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan
82
What is the mission statement of Healthy People 2030?
To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the Nation's efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people
83
Who uses the most medical resources?
Baby boomers
84
What are determinants of health?
The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
85
What are the five categories of determinants of health?
Policy making
Social factors
Health services
Individual behavior
Biology and genetics
86
What is the most important determinant of health?
Individual behavior
87
What category is the most important determinant of health?
Individual behavior
88
What individual determinants of health cannot be easily changed?
Age, sex, and hereditary factors
89
What are some examples of social determinants of health?
Living conditions
Social support and interactions
Transportation and public safety
Exposure to crime
Social norms and attitudes
Quality of schooling
90
Individuals without health insurance are (More/Less) likely to participate in preventative care and are more likely to delay medical treatment?
Less
91
What are barriers to accessing health services?
Lack of availability
High cost
Lack of insurance coverage
Limited language access
92
Many public health and health care interventions focus on changing ____________________________?
Individual behaviors
93
What are examples of individual behavior determinants of health?
Diet
Physical activity
Drug use
Hand washing *most important*
94
What are examples of biological and genetic social determinants of health?
Age
Sex
HIV status
Inherited conditions
Genetics
Family history
95
Age and sex are examples of what social determinants of health?
Biological/genetic
96
What are behaviors?
Individual responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions
97
What government department controls food from farm to table?
US department of Agriculture (USDA)
98
What government department controls food additives and pharmaceuticals?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
99
What is included in the social environment?
Family, friends, coworkers, people in general community
100
What is included in the physical environment?
That which can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and tasted (five senses)
101
What are leading health indicators?
Sets of measures used to track progress of the Healthy People initiatives by providing a "snapshot" of the nation's health
102
Americans are getting fatter faster (TRUE/FALSE)?
do i even have to write an answer to this
103
What population is obesity more prevalent in?
Black, Hispanic, and low income
104
What population is obesity most prevalent in? Why?
Hispanic due to lower income
105
Between 2008 and 2012 (Less/More) adults engaged in leisure time aerobic activity?
More
106
What percentage of adults met the physical activity guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening activity in 2012?
20%
107
Arsenic exposure in recent years has gotten (Better/Worse)?
Worse
108
Ambient air quality has met the Healthy People target and continues to improve (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
109
The use of in-home radon mitigation and reduction features has (Increased/Decreased)?
Increased
110
Tobacco use and cigarette smoking among adults has continued to (Increase/Decrease) gradually?
Decrease
111
Exposure to tobacco marketing has (Decreased/Increased) among students?
Increased
112
Concentrations of bisphenol and phthalate have (Increased/Decreased)?
Decreased
113
What US city has the worst air quality?
Los Angeles
114
Substance abuse rates as a whole are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
115
There has been a steep (Increase/Decrease) in opioid overdose since 2002?
Increase
116
Vaping use has (Increased/Decreased) and causes ______________________ due to nicotine levels?
Increased, vascular friability
117
Among 8-12 grade students, disapproval of marijuana and alcohol use (Increases/Decreases) as actual use (Increases/Decreases)?
Decreases, Increases
118
What is the number one venue for tobacco marketing?
NASCAR events
119
What population is most affected by the opioid crisis?
Middle class whites
120
What is the most prevalent ethnicity in the US?
Hispanic
121
Although drug use is (Increasing/Decreasing) most people who have a substance abuse issue do not receive _______________?
Increasing, treatment
122
What is the number one STD in the US?
Chlamydia
123
What is the number two STD in the US?
Gonorrhea
124
Primary and secondary syphilis rates are (Decreasing/Increasing) in males?
Increasing
125
Where are STD outbreaks most prevalent geographically?
Bible Belt
126
Congenital syphilis as a whole is (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Decreasing
127
Congenital syphilis can cause what sign in infants?
Hutchinson's teeth
128
Which form of syphilis cannot be treated?
Tertiary
129
What population is seeing the highest rate of new congenital syphilis cases?
the 13%
130
HIV rates are (Decreasing/Increasing) in gay males?
Increasing
131
Viral suppression among persons living with diagnosed HIV (Increased/Decreased)?
Increased
132
What percentage of the US is mentally ill?
20%
133
What is the etiologic agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
134
Suicide rates have been (Increasing/Decreasing) since 2000?
Increasing
135
What percentage of adults with serious mental illness do not receive treatment?
33%
136
What is the most commonly diagnosed mental illness?
Anxiety
137
The (Younger/Older) age group is mostly impacted by non-fatal injuries in work and non-work environments?
Younger
138
Violence in the US generally is (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Decreasing
139
(Over/Under) one half of all children and adolescent have been exposed to violence?
Over
140
Proportion of persons with medical insurance coverage is (Increasing/Decreasing)?
Increasing
141
What percentage of a population is required to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?
80%
142
What has caused vaccination issues on the west coast of the US?
Personal exemption laws
143
What percentage of the US is properly immunized?
70%
144
The US population meets herd immunity benchmarks (TRUE/FALSE)?
False
145
Average annual health care costs are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
the fuck do you think
146
Number and proportion of the population age 65 and over is (Increasing/Decreasing)?
Increasing
147
What title of the affordable care act made chiropractors portal of entry provides?
Title VII
148
Nearly _________ of older adults have moderate to severe functional limitations?
1/3
149
What medication is 100% covered by Medicare?
Erectile Dysfunction LOL
150
What is CLABSI?
Central line associated bloodstream infection
151
Nosocomial infections are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
152
What amount of patients leaving the hospital are suspected to have some sort of infection?
1/3
153
What is the number one portal of entry for nosocomial infections?
Genitourinary
154
What surgical profession has the highest rate of nosocomial infection?
Orthopedics
155
What is YPLL? What does it represent?
Years of potential life lost
Summary measure of premature mortality (early death)
Represents the total number of years not lived by people who die before reaching a given age.
156
What age group contributes more to YPLL?
Younger
157
The YPLL in the US is based on people who die before the age of __________?
75
158
What is the second leading cause of death in the US in both males and females?
Cancer
159
What is the largest pathology contributing to YPLL in both males and females?
Cancer
160
What is the second leading contributor to YPLL in both males and females?
MVA
161
YPLL is a measurement of the _________________ of a person?
Final cost
162
What age do most Americans work until?
75
163
What age group and gender is at the highest risk for suicide death?
Males over 65
164
What life expectancy measures were measured by Healthy People 2020?
Life expectancy at birth
at age 65
165
Life expectancy is (Decreasing/Increasing) in the millennial population?
Decreasing
166
Do older or younger people get into more motor vehicle accidents?
Older
167
Do older or younger people die more in MVAs?
Younger
168
What are physically and mentally unhealthy days?
Measurement in the past 30 days that an individual rated their physical or mental health as not good
169
Physically unhealthy days (Increase/Decrease) with age?
Increase
170
Mentally unhealthy days (Increase/Decrease) with age?
Decrease
171
What is the general leading cause of death and disability in the US?
Chronic disease
172
What percentage of deaths per year are caused by chronic disease?
70%
173
What is the number one form of elderly abuse?
Stealing of money
174
What instrumental activity of daily living is the hardest for an elderly person to accomplish?
Driving
175
If a health outcome is seen in a greater or lesser extent between populations there is _________________?
Disparity
176
Is the eastern or western US healthier?
Western
177
Is the northern or southern US healthier?
Northern
178
What is the number one cause of death in the US?
Heart disease
179
Which gender has a higher life expectancy?
Female
180
Infant mortality rates (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Decreasing
181
Religious persons hold a poorer economic status, have higher rates of obesity, and attain less education (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
182
Fewer than __________ of adults and an even lower percentage of adolescent eat the recommended amount of __________________ each day?
1/3, vegetables
183
Roughly ____________ % of adults and adolescents do not get the recommended amount of physical activity?
80%
184
What ethnicity is the most obese in the United States? Who is number two?
Hispanics = #1
Blacks = #2
185
What US state is the least obese?
Colorado
186
What area of the US is most obese?
Bible Belt/ South and Midwest US
187
What is the most obese country in the world?
United States
188
What is the largest restaurant chain worldwide?
KFC
189
The obese landmark is now more prevalent than overweight (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
190
What is the most important part of losing weight according to the government?
Limit caloric intake to meet caloric needs
191
What is the governments goal in regards to nutrition?
Promote health and reduce chronic disease risk through the consumption of healthful diets and achievement and maintenance of healthy body weights
192
What is food insecurity?
A lack of available financial resources for food at the level of the household
A lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life
193
What is the target amount of vegetables per 1000 calories for Healthy People 2020/2030?
1.1 cups
194
What percentage of change are the Healthy People looking for when they set their goals?
10%
195
Food insecurity in US households is (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
196
What is the most skipped meal of the day?
What is the most rushed meal of the day?
-Breakfast
-Lunch
197
Sodium consumption in the US is (Lower/Higher) than recommended levels?
Higher
198
What is the source of most sodium in American food?
Salt added to processed foods during manufacturing
199
What is the goal of public health in regards to sodium consumption in the US?
Reduce sodium in overall food supply
200
How many states required activity programs be provided to preschool-aged children in child care?
25
201
No leisure-time physical activity in adults (Decreases/Increases) as they age?
Increases
202
What are examples of vigorous-intensity physical activity?
Jogging, singles tennis, swimming continuous laps, or bicycling uphill
203
Healthy People 2010 made a lot of progress in regards to their obesity goals (TRUE/FALSE)?
False
204
What has been added in the highest amounts to food that results in caloric increases?
Fats and oils
205
High fructose corn sweetener rates are (Decreasing/Increasing)?
Increasing
206
The south is more food insecure than the north (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
207
What is the Food and Drug Administration RDA for sodium a day?
2300 mg
208
What is the American Heart Association RDA for sodium a day?
1500 mg
209
Higher income women are (Less/More) likely to be obese than lower income women?
Less
210
Women with college degrees are (Less/More) likely to be obese compared to women with less education?Women with college degrees are (Less/More) likely to be obese compared to women with less education?
Less
211
There is no significant relationship between obesity and education among men (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
212
As African American and Hispanic male income increases, obesity rates (Decrease/Increase)?
Increase
213
The highest obesity rates geographically are in what state group?
Bible belt
214
What state has the highest percentage of obese persons in the country?
Mississippi
215
What is the Reference amounts customarily consumed (RACCs)
Proposed FDA regulation based on recent national food intake data to establish product serving sizes
216
The RACCs are a recommendation on the amount of food to eat (TRUE/FALSE)?
False
217
The average American children gets how many hours of screen time a day?
6-8 hours
218
Generally speaking, lower income equates to greater obesity (TRUE/FALSE)?
True
219
What percentage of the US food supply is regulated by the FDA?
80%
220
What is SNAP?
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and a vital supplement to the monthly budget for food for low-income people
221
According to the USDA a healthy eating pattern limits:
Saturated fat and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium
