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I. Pathophysiology > Midterm I > Flashcards

Midterm I Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system that is covered by meninges? 1. What are the structures that make up this system? 2

A
  1. Central nervous system

2. brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve

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2
Q

What is the general term for cells of the nervous system?

A

glial cells

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3
Q

What are the locations of the choroid plexus that consists of ependymal cells?

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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4
Q

How many layers of gray matter are there? 1. Which layer is closest to the skull? 2. Which layer is involved in afferent info? 3. Efferent info? 4

A
  1. 6 layers
  2. layer I
  3. layer IV
  4. layer V
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5
Q

Around what age do men fully develop their frontal lobe? 1.

Women? 2

A
  1. 23-24

2. 18-20

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6
Q

What area of the brain is associated with emotions?

A

limbic

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7
Q

What cortices fall under the umbrella of association cortices?

A
  1. parieto-occipitotemporal cortex

2. prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

What is a pathology to somatosensory cortex that results in no sensation?

A

anaesthesia

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9
Q

What is a pathology to somatosensory cortex that results in reduced sensation?

A

paresthesia

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10
Q

What is a pathology to somatosensory cortex that results from amputation where brain still thinks the limb is attached?

A

phantom limb

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11
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

Which projection of the spinal nerve is responsible for afferent info? 1. Efferent? 2

A
  1. Dorsal Root Ganglia

2. Ventral Roots

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13
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of most cells?

A

-71.6 mV

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14
Q

What is the equation used to find the resting membrane potential?

A

Hodgkin-Huxley

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15
Q

How many K+ channels are there for every 1.5 Na+ channel generally?

A

10

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16
Q

What is defined as the amount of change that will develop across a membrane when there is no net movement of ion?

A

Nernst Potential

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17
Q

What is the Nernst Potential equation?

A

(RT)/(zF) x log ([iono]/[ioni])

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18
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for K+?

A

-91.6 mV

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19
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for Na+?

A

+62 mV

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20
Q

If a diabetic takes too much insulin will the cell be hyperpolarized or depolarized?

A

hyperpolarized

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21
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for Ca+2?

A

+133.3 mV

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22
Q

What is it called when a series of impulses from one excitatory fiber together produce a suprathreshold depolarization to trigger an AP?

A

Temporal Excitatory Summation

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23
Q

What is it called when two excitatory fibers cause two synaptic depolarizations that together reach firing threshold and trigger an AP?

A

Spatial Excitatory Summation

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24
Q

What is it called when impulses from an excitatory neuron reach a motor neuron but impulses from an inhibitory fiber prevents depolarization from reaching threshold?

A

Cancellation

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25
What is necessary for saltatory propagation?
myelinated cells
26
For myelinated neurons, what are areas that are not myelinated called?
Nodes of Ranvier
27
What is it called when a neuron cannot get another AP?
absolute refractory period
28
What is it called when a neuron can get a weak AP if stimulus is strong enough?
relative refractory period
29
What are the three states that Na+ voltage-gated channels can be in (and what are the membrane potentials for each)?
1. closed but able to open (-70 mV) 2. open/activated (-50 to +30 mV) 3. inactivated/closed but not able to open (+30 to -70 mV)
30
What are the ways to alter APs?
1. change resting membrane potentials 2. inhibit Na+ v-g channels 3. demyelinate
31
What are examples of demyelinating diseases?
1. multiple sclerosis | 2. Gullain Barre
32
Are chemical or electrical synapses more common?
chemical
33
What is it called when the membrane potential in the second cell can be the same as the first?
gain
34
Which are faster: chemical or electrical synapses?
electrical
35
Which have a loss of gain: chemical or electrical synapses?
electrical
36
What enhance fusion of synaptic vesicles to membranes?
SNAREs
37
What are methods to decrease chemical synapse transmission?
1. Inhibit presynaptic depolarization 2. Inhibit SNAREs 3. Receptor antagonist
38
What are methods to increase chemical synapse transmission?
1. Stimulate presynaptic depolarization 2. Receptor agonist 3. Decrease removal of NT
39
Which degradation protein is found on the mitochondria?
MAO (monoamine oxidase)
40
What is the term for the sensation that is being experienced?
modality
41
What are the ways to measure duration of sensation?
tonic receptors and phasic receptors
42
What are the slow adapting receptors that last the duration of the stimulus?
Tonic receptors
43
What are the fast adapting receptors that are only active at the beginning and end of a stimulus?
Phasic receptors
44
What is the type of electrotonic potential you get with a sensory receptor?
generator potential
45
What is the intensity of a stimulus determined by?
1. sensory coding | 2. population coding
46
What is it called when an activated field inhibits surrounding fields?
lateral inhibition
47
What is two point discrimination based on?
1. size of receptive field | 2. amount of neuron coverage
48
What is pain that is visceral and referred to elsewhere on the body (eg heart attack)
Referred pain
49
What is the pain that is a slightly painful stimulus but experience extreme pain?
Hyperalgesia
50
What is the pain from innocuous stimulus so experience pain but not painful stimulus?
Allodynia
51
What are the types of neuralgial pain?
1. trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) 2. diabetic neuropathy 3. postherpetic neuralgia
52
Where is trigeminal neuralgia the worst? 1. What disease are these people 60x more likely to get? 2
1. mandibular | 2. Multiple sclerosis
53
What is a neuralgial rash on the nose that is from nasociliary branch V associated with and what is this rash called?
1. Postherpetic neuralgia | 2. Hutchinson sign
54
What membrane separates the middle ear from the external ear?
tympanic membrane
55
The middle ear boundaries are from the 1 to the 2
1. tympanic membrane | 2. oval and round window
56
What structures/materials are inside the inner ear?
Organ of Corti and Endolymph
57
What causes hair cell depolarization?
Basal membrane vibration
58
What are the three systems that contribute to equilibrium?
1. proprioception 2. visual system 3. vestibular apparatus
59
What is the term for lots of muscle tone?
Hypertonia
60
What is the term for larger than normal reflexes? 1. No reflexes? 2
1. Hyperreflexia | 2. Areflexia
61
What is the pathogenesis of tetanus?
Block GABA from neurons that control corticospinal tract
62
What is a demyelinating disease only affecting Schwann cells?
Gullain Barre
63
What are three names for lower than normal movement?
1. hypokinetic 2. bradykinesia 3. akinesia
64
What is the name for more movement than normal (too much movement)?
Hyperkinesia
65
What is the part of the brain responsible for adjustment motor programs on-line with the aid of proprioceptive feedback and the storage of complex motor memories?
cerebellum
66
What are the two names for the area of the cerebellum that maintains equilibrium during movement and controls eye movement?
1. flocconodular node | 2. vestibulocerebellum
67
Where does info to the cerebellum decussate?
Does not decussate
68
What are the two hemispheres in the cerebellum separated by?
Vermis
69
What are the two names of area of the cerebellum responsible for motor memory storage and quality control?
Spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum
70
What is the term for the ability to judge distance?
dysmetria
71
What is the term for difficulty with speech when the cerebellum is injured?
dysarthia
72
What is the term for difficulty making repetitive movements?
dysdiochokinesia
73
What is the term for a slow pursuit then ciccade of the eyes?
nystagmus
74
What postsynaptic potentials are most likely to synapse on the soma of the neuron? 1. Synapse on the dendrite? 2
1. inhibitory (IPSP) | 2. excitatory (EPSP)

I. Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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