midterm identifications Flashcards
(23 cards)
Bipedalism
who: Australopithecus
what: development of walking on two feet
when: 4 million years ago
where: Africa
why: marks the start of human development, allowed for the use of hands with tools leading to accumulation of more food
Homo sapiens
who: Homo sapiens
what: modern humans
when: 400,000-200,000 years ago
where: starting in Africa, migrated out
why: modern humans with bigger brains and more adaptations to their environment, began to see aspects of culture, lead to the development of modern society
fertile crescent
what: region of land suited for agriculture
when: 10,000-4,000 BCE
where: the middle east
why: allowed for the development of agriculture and the neolithic revolution transitioning humans from hunter gatherers to farmers, allowed for the development of society
paleolithic era
who: hunter gatherers
what: the old stone age
when: 2mya-10,000 BCE
where: all over the world
why: prior to farming people were constantly moving around and collecting food preventing development and accumulation of wealth
neolithic revolution
what: the development of agriculture
when: 10,000 BCE
where: the fertile crescent
why: allowed people to settle down and accumulate food and wealth, did not have to spend all your time getting food, allowed for society to develop
Catal Huyuk
who: Mesopotamians
what: the first towns
when: 7,000 BCE
where: Mesopotamia
why: development of the first settled villages lead to the first societies and culture
Cuneiform
who: Mesopotamians
what: method of writing starting with economics
when: 3,200 BCE
where: Mesopotamia
why: the first type of written language and records, aids significantly in understanding history by keeping clear records
Epic of Gilgamesh
who: Gilgamesh
what: a story of his quest for eternal life
when: 2,700 BCE
where: Mesopotamia
why: illustrates the Mesopotamian relationship with the gods as fearing them
judgement of Hammurabi
who: Hammurabi a king
what: first written legal code
when: 1,792-1,750 BCE
where: Mesopotamia
why: shows kings source power through the gods, shows early laws and the position of women in society as well as the social hierarchy
mummification
who: Egyptian elites
what: preservation of bodies for the afterlife
when: 2,600 BCE
where: Egypt
why: shows Egyptian culture and their connection to the afterlife
Gift of the nile
who: Egyptians
what: reliability of the river
when: 3,100 BCE
where: the Nile river
why: difference between the rivers of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Nile is reliable and gentle and people appreciate it for easy agriculture while the Tigris and Euphrates were dangerous and feared
Pharaoh
who: Egyptians
what: king of Egypt considered a god himself
when: beginning in 3,100 BCE
where: Egypt
Why: centralized political system ruling the entirety of Egypt, considered a god himself opposed to Mesopotamian kings who were sent by the gods
Amon Re
who: Egyptians
what: sun god or creator
when: ca 3,100 BCE
where: Egypt
why: highly worshipped god considered the creator, gods were kinder than in Mesopotamia
the Covenant
who: the Hebrews and YHWH
what: God’s promise to the Hebrews
when: 1,020 BCE
where: Canaan
why: first religion to operate under a moral code as opposed to forces of nature, god promised never to wipe out humanity again
the ten commandments
who: God via Moses
what: list of rules for Jews to follow
when: 1,020 BCE
where: Canaan
why: first religious moral code, promises made by god to protect his people in exchange for their worship
the polis
who: Greeks
what: independent city states
when: 800-500 BCE
where: Greece
why: shows how Greek city states are not united like former civilizations, centralized political systems, start of democracy
the assembly
who: Greek citizens
what: event of democracy where male citizens gathered to vote
when: 594 BCE
where: Athens Greece
why: first example of democracy and citizen participation in government
caste system
who: Hindus
what: social hierarchy associated with Hinduism
when: beginning 1,000 BCE
where: India
why: extremely long standing social structure that people cannot escape, central to the development of Indian society
Brahman
who: Hindus
what: the universal soul in all living things, solar god
when: 800-400 BCE
where: India
why: central to Hinduism, origin of the Atman, goal is to rejoin the Brahman and break the cycle of rebirth
Karma
who: Hindus
what: actions in a persons life determine how they will reincarnate
when: 800-400 BCE
where: India
why: method of ascending through the caste system ultimately escaping reincarnation
Bhagavad Gita
who: the Hindus
what: sacred text outlining methods to become one with the Atman
when: 500-200 BCE
where: India
why: methods to escape the cycle of rebirth
four noble truths
Who: Buddhists
what: known truths of Buddhism, suffering, source of suffering, cessation of suffering, and method for cessation of suffering
when: 580-460 BCE
where: India
why: explains the goals of Buddhism and how to escape the cycle of rebirth regardless of caste
Nirvana
who: Buddhists
what: escape from rebirth
when: 580-460 BCE
where: India
why: Differs significantly from Hinduism, can be accomplished while living a normal life, does not use a caste system, does not require a god
