Midterm | Imaging Modalities Flashcards by Eun Woo

Field in Radiologic Technology that utilizes x-ray machine to visualize the anatomical parts of the body, particulary the skeletal system

Radiography

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4 classification of radiography

Film screen radiography/ Conventional radiography
Computed radiography
Digital radiography
Special procedure radiography

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Advantages of radiography

Widely available
Relatively quick
Cheap
Easy to perform

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Disadvantages of radiography

Harmful ionizing radiation that can damage cells
Limited soft tissue contrast resolution (it can be hard to differentiate adjacent soft tissues of similar density from one another)

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Machine, energy used, main POI and purpose of radiography

Machine: X-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Skeletal system
Purpose: Diagnosis

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Machine, energy used, main POI and purpose of Special procedure radiography

Machine: Fluoroscopy/ X-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Internal organs
Purpose: Diagnosis and treatment

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Special equipment/s used in Film screen radiography

Cassette
Film
Darkroom
Processing chemicals

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Special equipment/s used in Computed radiography

Imaging plate
CR reader

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Special equipment/s used in Digital radiography

Image Receptor

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Special equipment/s used in Special procedure radiography

Contrast Media

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Field in Radiologic Technology that utilizes x-ray machine and contrast media to show the images of the internal organs of the body part not seen in conventional radiography

Special Procedure Radiology

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Substances that temporarily chanfe the way x-rays or other imaging tools interact with the body

Contrast media

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Contrast media/materials help physicians diagnose medical conditions by improving the visibility of specific (1), (2), or (3)

organs
blood vessels
tissues

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In what ways can contrast materials enter the body?

Orally
Rectally
injected to a blood vessel
injected into spaces within the body

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What ways can contrast materials be injected into the blood vessels?

Intravenously (through the veins)
Intraarterially (through the artery)

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A fluoroscopy machine is like a video camera where x-rays are produced in a (1) or (2) fashion and generate (3) of the body

pulsed
continuous
real-time images

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Images are of much lower quality than conventional radiographs to limit the patient’s overall radiation exposure

Fluoroscopy machine

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Images of fluoroscopy machines are of much lower quality to>

To limit the patient’s overall radiation exposure

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Advantage of special procedure radiography

Allows you to see what is happening in real-time

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Disadvantage of special procedure radiography

Radiation dose is cumulative throughout the examinations
Image quality is relatively poor

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Field in RT that utilizes x-ray imaging method used to examine the breast for the early detection of cancer and other breast diseases

Mammography

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Advantages of mammography

Early detection of breast cancer
Improves diagnotic accuracy of patients younger than 50 and in those dense breast

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Disadvantages of mammography

Interpreations can be difficult because a normal breast can appear differently for each women

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Field in RT that involves special radiographic examination of blood vessels using x-ray machine incorporated with computers to enable deleting of bony structures that superimpose with the blood vessels of interest instantaneously

Digital Subtraction Angiography

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Digital Subtraction Angiography is a field in RT that involves (1) of (2) using (3) to enable deleting of (4) that superimpose with the blood vessels of interest instantaneously

1. special radiographic examination 2. blood vessels 3. x-ray machine incorporated with computers 4. bony structures

Type of specialization in RT wherein interventional radiologists make use of imaging techniques or modalities of percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedure

Interventional radiography

Term tha tmeans "through the skin"

Percutaneous

Interventional radiography is a type of specialization in RT wherein (1) make use of imaging techniques or modalities of (2) and (3)

1. interventional radiologists 2. percutaneous diagnostic 3. therapeutic procedure

Field in RT that utilizes a donut-shaped machine that emits x-rays to diagnose abnormalities in the human body by producing a cross-sectional image of the body

Computed Tomography

Computed Tomography is a field in RT that utilizes a donut-shaped machine that emits (1) to (2) in the human body by producing a (3) of the body

1. x-rays 2. diagnose abnormalities 3. cross-sectional image

Advantages of computed tomography

- Widely available - Quick - Gives a lot of useful information

Disadvantages of computed radiography

- Expensive - Higher levels of harmful ionizing radiation exposure

Field in RT that utilizes very high frequency sound (not audible to ear) to produce images of the internal organs of the body

Ultrasound

Advantages of ultrasound

- Widely-available - Relatively inexpensive - Safe in pregnancy - Does NOT use farmful radiation

Disadvantage sof ultrasound

- Operator-dependent - Limited by body habitus/ increased subcutaneosu fat, and bowel gas - Susceptible to artifacts - Unable to see through bone or gas

Ultrasound is limited by (1)/(2) and (3), suspectible to (4), and unable to see through (5) or (6)

1. body habitus 2. increased subcutaneous 3. bowel gas 4. artifacts 5. bone 6. gas

Field in RT that utilizes a very high magnetic pwer and radiofrequency to produce images of the body— primarily the nervous system and soft tissue

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a field in RT that utilizes a very high (1) and (2) to produce images of the body— primarily the (3) and (4)

1. magnetic power 2. radiofrequency 3. nervous system 4. soft tissue

Advantages of MRI

- Superior soft tissue contrast resolution - Lacks ionizing radiation

Best imaging option for the spinal cord and the reason

MRI; becuase of its superior soft tissue contrast resolution

MRI is the preferred choice over other imaging modalities for evaluating what?

- masses and infection in the brain - masses in the abdomen & pelvis

Disadvantages of MRI

- Very sensitive to various artifacts - Inexpensive - Difficult for patients with claustrophobia - Contraindicated in some patients - Somwehat operator-dependent

To whom is MRI contraindicated?

Patients with - implantable devices - magnetic foreign body

Field in RT that utilizes radioactive substances taken in by patients to visualize the function of internal organs

Nuclear medicine

Advantages of nuclear medicine

- Excellent in assessing physiologic process - Instrumental in cancer staging & restaging - PET agents improves cancer management

Disadvantages of nuclear medicine

- Expensive - PET agents are somewhat limited supply with growing demand - Some agents result in fairly high patient exposure/dose - Not all agents are widely available; some needs to ordered day/s ahead

2 classifications of nuclear medicine

- Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) - Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Nuclear imaging technique using gamma rays. Performed by using a gamma camera to acquire multiple 2D images from multiple angles

SPECT

SPECT uses a gamma camera to acquire multiple (1) or (2) from multiple angles

1. 2-D images 2. projections

Differentiate SPECT and PET in terms of the tools used in order to acquire images

SPECT: Gamma camera PET: BGO or LSO detectors

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is also called --- or ---

- PET imaging - PET scan

A diagnostic examinaion that involves the acquisition of physiologic images based on the detection of radiation from the emission of positrons

PET

PET is a diagnostic examinaion that involves the acquisition of (1) images based on the (2) from the (3)

1. physiologic 2. detection of radiation 3. emission of positrons

SPECT: nuclear imagin technique ; PET: ---

diagnostic examination

Field in RT that utilizes high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells

Radiation therapy

Advantage of radiation therapy

Death of large proportion of cancer cells within the entire tumor

Disadvantage of radiation therapy

Damage to surrounding tissues (eg. lung and heart), depending on how close the area of interest is located to the tumor

3 types of radiation therapy

1. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) 2. Brachytherapy 3. Systemic

Field in RT that utilizes a very small dose of ionizng radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body (usually the lumbar and hips to measure bone loss)

Bone densitometry

What part of the body does bone densitometry usually produces a picture of + purpose?

Lower spine/ lumbar and hips to measure bone loss

Refers to bone loss

Osteoporosis

Special procedure radiography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: Fluroscopy/ x-ray machine Energy used: X-rays Main POI: Internal organs Purpose: Diagnosis & treatment Special equipment: Contrast media

Mammography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: Mammography unit Energy used: X-rays (low energy) Main POI: Breast Purpose: Diagnosis & Screening Special equipment: Compression paddle

Digital Subtraction Angiography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: Fluoroscope/ x-ray machine Energy used: X-ray Main POI: Blood vessels & heart Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Contrast media

Interventional Radiography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: Fluoroscopy machine Energy used: X-rays Main POI: Blood vessels & heart Purpose: Primarily for treatment Special equipment: - Needles - Guidewires - Catheters - Stents - Embolic agents

CT Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: CT scan Energy used: X-rays Main POI: internal organs Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Donut-shaped machine/ Gantry

Ultrasound Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: UTS machine Energy used: Very high frequency sound wave Main POI: Soft tissues not covered by bones Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Transducer, gel

MRI Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: MRI machine Energy used: radiofrequency Main POI: nervous & muscular systems Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Magnets

Nuclear Medicine Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: PET/SPECT machine Energy used: Positron/Gamma Main POI: All (for physiological evaluation) Purpose: Diagnosis, monitoring, treatment Special equipment: Radiopharmaceuticals, hot lab

Radiation therapy Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Energy used: - X-rays - Gamma - Electron beams - Protons Main POI: Cancer cells/ organs Purpose: Treatment Special equipment: Cerrobend or lead block shieldings

Bone densitometry Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:

Machine: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Energy used: X-rays Main POI: Bone (osteoposoris) Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Bone densitometer

Differentiate MRI and CT san in terms of the donut-shaped machines they use

MRI: Bore CT Scan: Gantry

Imaging modalities

1. Radiography (Film-Screen, Computed, Digital) 2. Special Procedure Radiography 3. Mammography 4. Digital Subtraction Angiography 5. Interventional Radiography 6. Computed Tomography 7. Ultrasound 8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 9. Nuclear Medicine 10. Radiation Therapy 11. Bone Densitometry

Best imaging modality for a broken bone

X-ray

Best imaging modality for pregnancy

Ultrasound

Best imaging modality for a stroke

MRI

Best imaging modality for spinal cord compression

MRI

Best imaging modality for a gunshot wound

X-ray

Best imaging modality for appendicitis

Ultrasound