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MIDTERM (JAY) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is stigma?

A

negative beliefs that impact the way we see the truth. Can prevent adequate care and seeking care

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2
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A generalized belief about a group of people; expecting them to act in a certain way

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3
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behavioural manifestation of prejudice

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4
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Hostile attitudes towards people belonging to a specific group

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5
Q

What are some common myths about mental illness?

A
  • violent and dangerous
  • caused by personal weakness
  • less intelligent
  • rare, untretable
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6
Q

What did Dorothea Dix do?
during 1840s

A

during 1840s, advocated for human tx, MH care, more hospitals. Advent of Nursing Care for the mentally ill was born (social reform)

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7
Q

What was the 1st antimanic med?

A

Lithium

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8
Q

What was the first antipsychotic?

A

Chlorpromazine

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9
Q

What were the first antidepressant meds?

A

MAOI and tricyclic

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10
Q

When was BC’s first asylum opened?

A

1872

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11
Q

What happened to Riverview? Empowerment and Deinstitutionalization

A

1909: construction begins on “Hospital for the Mind”; Essondale, later became Riverview

1913: opened, had 4,630 patients at peak

1970s/80s: patient advocacy groups emerged

1980s onwards: beginning of deinstitutionalization

1990s: Riverview began downsizing

2009: 256 active beds remain

2012: only 3 wards w/ less than 15 patients

2013: lights out

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12
Q

Brief hx of mental illness:

A

Prior to 1790: evil spirits, possession. Chains, shackles, and confinement as tx

1792: Pinel believed human were inhumanely tx; removal of chains

1835: first lunatic asylum

1836: insanity act formed, later became MHA

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13
Q

What is the period of institutionalization in Canada?

A

1845 (Quebec) to 2011 (BC)

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14
Q

What is the significance of veterans in MH care?

A
  • MH tx became focus after WWI veterans were returning w/ shellshock (PTSD)
  • led to the implementation of MH hospitals
  • CNCMH formed in 1918
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15
Q

Define asylum:

A

peace, relief; we added the negative stigma

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16
Q

Define insanity:

A

not of a sound mind; made derogatory

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17
Q

What does psychotherapy do?

A

helps the patient to help themselves by asking strategic Q’s

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18
Q

Hx of MH tx:

A

1915: Malaria Fever Therapy
1920s: hyrdotherapy
1930-50s: Insulin Coma Therapy
1938 - present: ECT
1936-1970’s: Lobotomy
- all were aimed to ‘reset’ the brain

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19
Q

Explain choice community integration (MH care and reform):

A
  • ongoing community involvement, enhanced understanding
  • greater advocacy to protect rights and freedoms of MI ppl
  • empowerment of client to help themselves; psych nurse acts as “facilitator”
  • providing opportunities for people w/ MI to make their own decisions in tx
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20
Q

What is self awareness?

A

understanding one’s biases, beliefs, thoughts etc. and recognizing how they affect self and others

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21
Q

What is projection?

A

falsely attributing to other your own unacceptable thoughts/feelings

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22
Q

What is transference?

A

client unconsciously transfers aspects of past relationship onto nurse

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23
Q

What is ethics:

A

study of good conduct, character, motives. Accountability! Each practitioner has the responsibility to adhere to standards of ethical practice

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24
Q

RPN code of ethics:

A

Primary purpose: protect the public

  • defines/provides RPN’s w/ practice standard
  • governed by Health Professions Act
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25
CRPNBC Professional standards
Therapeutic Relationships Theory/knowledge base Professional Accountability Ethical Practice
26
Health care ethical principles:
Autonomy Beneficence Non-maleficence Dignity Justice Truthfulness, informed consent & confidentiality
27
MH Care issues:
Behaviour control and restraint - relational engagement and boundaries - confidentiality - ethical practice environments - social justice
28
What is medical futility?
interventions unlikely to produce any significant benefit to patient
29
What are the 4 classifications of futility?
1. not futile (beneficial) 2. futile (not beneficial) 3. futile from patient perspective 4. futile from clinician perspective
30
Definition of critical thinking:
- art of analyzing and evaluating thinking w/ a view to improve - encompasses both cognitive processes and attitudes - consciously examining our own thinking processes
31
What is egocentric thinking?
Results form our tendency to be self-centered and to view situations/info from our own point of view with the assumption that it is "right"
32
What is sociocentric thinking?
Results from internalization of the dominant prejudices of our society or culture It involves taking on group norms, beliefs, and to blindly conform to group standards without questioning them. We begin to view situations from this lens and dont consider alternate perspectives/cultures
33
Elements of critical thinking:
-purpose -question at issue -information -concepts -assumptions -inferences -point of view -implications
34
How do we measure the quality of our thinking?
Clarity, Accuracy, Precision, Relevance, Depth, Breadth, Logic
35
What is the problem solving process?
-Clarify the nature of a problem and suggests possible solutions -Evaluate solutions and choose best one to implement
36
3 types of questions in problem solving:
1. there is a correct answer: req. knowledge 2. no 'right' answer: calls for subjective opinion/preference 3. multi 'right' answers: clinical judgment
37
close-ended questions
Questions that can be answered in short or single word responses.
38
open-ended questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
39
What is a complete health assessment?
non-emergent data collected at initial visit, or on hospital admission
40
What is an emergency assessment?
A quick focused assessment in an emergency situation to identify life-threatening problems
41
What is an episodic/problem centered assessment?
follow up assessment to a specific previously identified problem
42
What is a follow-up assessment?
analyzing previously implemented evaluation
43
What are the components of a health hx?
- biographical/demographic data (age, gender, address, etc.) - chief concern/reason for visit (record verbatim: offers insight into experience) - hx of present illness - past health hx (including psych hx) - family hx - holistic assessment (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, spiritrual) - perception of health - MSE
44
What does the MSE assess?
- appearance and psychomotor behaviour - mood/affect - speech (nature of speech) - thought form (how are they thinking?) - though content (what are they thinking) - perception (5 senses, hallucinations and delusions) - cognition (memory, concentration, intelligence) - insight/judgement - risk assessment
45
Head to toe assessment:
- general survey - vital signs - head - neck - upper extremities - chest/back - abdomen - anus and rectum - lower extremities
46
What is the difference between insight and judgement?
insight: someone's thoughts on their actions - do they understand their illness/know why they are there? judgement: behavioural manifestation of insight - do they understand if their actions are good/bad?
47
What are the methods of physical assessment?
1. inspection 2. auscultation 3. palpation 4. percussion 5. olfaction
48
What is the purpose of a conceptual framework?
- guide/organize assessment - assist in identifying an dx health problems - guide planning evaluation of care - guides curriculum for education - frame of reference to organize nursing research
49
4 Meta-paradigms of nursing (PEHN)
1. person 2. environment 3. health 4. nursing
50
What is recovery?
- represents return and maintenance of system stability following tx - complete recovery may occur beyond baseline, may stabilize system to lower level, or return to level of wellness prior to illness
51
What falls under the psychological variable?
- emotions - cognition - perception of self - self esteem - body image - self-ideal - sexuality - self-identity
52
What falls under the developmental variable?
- expected life events - unexpected life events - growth - development - transition
53
What falls under the sociocultural variable?
- language/communication patterns - cultural roles and expectations - social hx - relationships/ SOs - health beliefs - habits/practices - ethnicity and race
54
What falls under the spiritual variable?
- purpose and meaning - interconnectedness - faith - religion - forgiveness - creativity - transcendence
55
3 Components of Psychological Variable
1. Emotions (Mood & Affect) 2. Cognition & Perception (Thought Formation) 3. Self Concept (Self-esteem, body image, sexuality and how you define yourself)
56
Influences on the development of Self Concept
Relations, environment, culture, genetics
57
What is a healthy self concept
Is stable, positive, meaningful, and helps an individual cope with stress
58
What does self identity comprise of
Ethnicity, religion, social class, age
59
What does self identity assessment comprise of
Determining a persons self awareness and their relationships with themselves and others
60
What is self ideal
Goals of who you want to be and evaluating who you are
61
What is body image
One's relationship with their body
62
What is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
Linked with OCD, ones belief that their appearance is flawed when it is not
63
What is self esteem
One's definition of their self worth
64
What is sexual identity
how people view themselves as a sexual being and is influenced by culture, ethnicity and religious beliefs and practices
65
What is gender identity
Do we identify ourselves as a male, female or other
66
What is gender dysphoria
A person who identifies with a different gender from which they were born (the distress resulting from it)
67
What is role performance
The way individuals perceive their ability to carry out significant roles
68
What are 5 social processes that influence role performance
Reinforcement-extinction Inhibition Substitution Imitation Identification
69
What is reinforcment-extinction
Certain behaviours become common or are avoided, depending on whether they are approved and reinforced or are discouraged and punished.
70
What is inhibition
An individual learns to refrain from certain behaviours, even when tempted to engage in them.
71
What is substitution
An individual replaces one behaviour with another, which provides the same personal gratification.
72
What is imitation
An individual acquires skills or behaviours by observing and then imitating the skills and behaviours of other members of the family or other social or cultural groups.
73
What is identification
An individual internalizes the beliefs, behaviours, and values of role models into a personal, unique expression of self.
74
What are some behavioural clues of altered self concept
Avoidance of eye contact Slumped posture Poor grooming Derogatory self talk “ I’m so fat/ ugly/ stupid” Being overly apologetic Hesitancy in expressing views or opinions Difficulty making decisions
75
MSE ASSESSMENT AREAS (10)
General Appearance (O) & Psychomotor Behavior (O) Emotional State: Affect (O) and Mood (S) Speech (O) Thought Process/Form (O & S) Thought Content (O & S) Perception (O & S) Cognitive Functioning/Sensorium (O & S) Insight (O) Judgment (O & S) Risk assessment (O & S)

PNUR 2101 CONCEPTS (4 decks)

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