Midterm learnig from my mistakes Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
thermoregulation, waste removal, and gas exchange (O₂ & CO₂) are key functions, circulates nutrients and hormones.
How do the right and left heart pumps function together?
they work in parallel, pumping the same amount of blood at the same rate.
What is the interventricular septum, and what is its role?
A thick muscular wall that divides the ventricles and prevents blood mixing.
How does the heart nourish itsel
Coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart.
Name the four one-way valves of the heart.
tricuspid valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, pulmonary (semilunar) valve, and aortic (semilunar) valve.
Name the layers of the pericardium.
serous pericardium is a double-layered membrane inside the fibrous pericardium. It consists of:
Parietal pericardium – lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) – adheres directly to the heart surface.
Between these layers is the pericardial cavity, which contains fluid to reduce friction during heartbeats.
What are the three layers of the cardiac wall?
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.
SV equation
SV = EDV - ESV.
What is the typical EDV and ESV in a healthy resting human? And SV?
EDV = 120 mL, ESV = 50 mL, SV = 70 mL.
What is venous return, and what law governs it?
The amount of blood returned to the heart; Frank-Starling Law governs it.
How does exercise impact EDV?
High heart rates reduce EDV; endurance training increases ventricular chamber size and stroke volume.
How does afterload change during cardiorespiratory vs. resistance exercise
The resistance to blood ejection. Afterload increases with resistance exercise but does not decrease during aerobic exercise; it remains stable or increases slightly
cardiac output equation
CO = SV × HR
Rate Pressure Product (RPP) equation
RPP = HR x SBP.
ejection fraction (EF) define and equation
Fraction of blood ejected per heartbeat; EF = (EDV-ESV)/EDV x 100%.
What hormones are involved in the humoral control of the cardiovascular system?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, endothelin.
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) impact blood pressure?
Regulates blood volume, electrolytes, and systemic vascular resistance.
What is endothelin, and what is its role?
A vasoconstrictor that elevates blood pressure.
