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Animal physiology 1 > Midterm learning outcomes > Flashcards

Midterm learning outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

Fish circulation: how does their circuit and spongy myocardium limit exercise capacity

A

the heart isnt well oxygenated, some fish have changed to a compact myocardium if they have higher metabolic needs

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2
Q

how can an incompeltely divided heart be an advantage fir lung breathing animals that routinely stop ventilating for long periods

A

it allows blood to bypass lungs during diving, hibernation etc. and it saves energy

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3
Q

compare and contrast open vs closed systems using molluscs as ex

A

Molluscs have open system: heart or contractile organ, some blood vessels

Squid/octopus has closed: 2 branchial hearts and 1 systemic heart, gills

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4
Q

explain how blood flow return to the heart in an open system

A

drains into cavity and gradually returns to heart

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5
Q

explain how insects can function with seperated circulatory and respiratory systems

A

respiration occurs through diffusion of oxygen through sides of body, insect circulation is only for hormone and nutrient transport

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6
Q

is a high pressure system better or not

A

No superior system because they can make up for things in other ways, same rate of oxygen delivery

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7
Q

Explain how gas exchange relies on a combination of ventilation and circulation

A

relies on bulk flow: moving medium over resp surfaces, where gasses disolve and the transport of gases in the circ system

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8
Q

Use simple physics (fick equation, boyles law) to understand the structure of respiratory systems

A

Boyles law: P1V1 = P2V2 so increase of volume then pressure decreases (opening chamber allows for things to flow in, moves down pressure system)

Fick equation: Q = DA(P1-P2)/L better rate of diffusion (Q) with more surface area, small path length

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9
Q

adaptations for maximizing gas exchange

A
  1. increase surface area (ex. external gills)
  2. maximizing partial pressure gradients (passive ventilation, active ventilation: nondirectional, tidal, unidirectional (concurrent, counter current, crosscurrent))
  3. minimizing path length (less thickness = less distance = more diffusion) high energetic needs = less thickness
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10
Q

General features of spider respiration

A
  • book lungs
  • cavity opens via spiracle, air diffuses in spiracle, gasses cross lamellae into hemolymph
  • some have tracheal system
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11
Q

General features of insect respiration

A
  • gas exchange surface close to all cells
  • extensive tracheal system throughout whole body
  • breathe through spiracle
  • taenidia to prevent collapse
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12
Q

General features of fish respiration

A
  • use buccal opercular pump
  • use gills with thing filaments (lamellae)
  • operculum helps move water across gills
    -counter current flow (perpendicular to blood)
  • some use ram ventilation
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13
Q

General features of sea star respiration

A
  • skin gills/external gills
  • countercurrent
  • papulae (projections on exoskeleton)
  • cilia move fluids one way outside and other way on inside
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14
Q

General features of bird respiration

A
  • adapted for high metabolic demands
  • 2 lungs
  • 9 air sacs
  • 2 breath cycle
  • unidirectional - cross current flow
  • rigid lungs, highly vascularized
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15
Q

General features of mammal respiration

A
  • lungs have conducting airways and respiratory airways
  • two alveolar cells and capillaries
  • lungs contain stale air, never fully emptied
    -inspiration active, exhalation passive
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16
Q

compare and contrast concurrent, countercurrent and crosscurrent in animals

A
  • birds use cross current
  • sea star, fish uses counter current
17
Q

the role of surfactants and the pleural sac

A
  • pleural sac: surrounds each lung, two layers of cells with small space between (pleural cavity) contains pleural fluid
  • surfactants: reduces surface tension by disrupting hydrogen bonds between water molecules, produced by type II alveolar cells
18
Q

how breathing is regulated and relates to organism homeostasis

A
  • automatic rhythmic process
  • chemoreceptors modify output
  • central and peripheral chemoreceptors
  • sensors and effectors + response helps homeostasis if O2 levels drop/ Co2 too high
19
Q

Why the evolution of bulk flow was necessary for larger animals

A

Diffusion is only effective over short distances so large animals had to develop another way for gas exchange

20
Q

components of a circulatory system (3)

A

Heart, blood vessels , blood

21
Q

Properties of blood

A
  • primarily water with dissolved ions, hemocytes, dissolved proteins
  • may have respiratory pigments (inverebrates)
  • carrier proteins and blood clotting proteins (vertebrates)
  • vertebrate blood: plasma, RBC, other blood cells
  • RBC: most abundant, round/oval, biconcave, hemoglobin, lack nucleus etc
22
Q

the relationship between tissues within blood vessels and their function

A
  • tunica intima: endothelial cells
    -tunica media: smooth muscle cells, vasoconstriction/dilation
  • tunica externa: support
23
Q

the fluid column effect on blood pressure

A
  • blood pressure above heart is less
  • below heart is more
24
Q

Poiseuilles equation in the context of blood flow

A
  • resistance is inversely proportional to vessel radius to the 4th power
  • if radius is halved: resistance increases by factor of 16, flow rate decreases to 1/16 its former value
25
Q

How the structure of capillaries aids in fluid exchange

A
  • has fenestrae (pores)
  • hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid from blood to interstitial fluid
  • osmotic pressure pushes water from interstitial space into capillaries
26
Q

the starling landis hypothesis

A

Pressure through the system is going to go from high pressure to low pressure at the venous end, osmotic pressure is relatively static

27
Q

the purpose and network of the lymphatic system

A
  • excess extracellular fluid is returned to the bloodstream by lymphatic system
  • lymph nodes remove pathogens from lymph
28
Q

why the pulmonary circuit is a low pressure system

A

to avoid fluid loss from capillaries so the lungs dont flood

29
Q

how autoregulation and intrinsic and extrinsic factors act on arterioles to regulate blood flow

A

-autoregulation: prevents excessive flow of blood into tissue
- intrinsic: smooth muscle in arterioles sensitive to extracellular fluid, metabolites alter vasoconstriction/dilation, paracrine signals
- extrinsic: sympathetic NS maintains vasomotor tone, vasoconstriction/dilation in muscles- blood directed away from organs in flight or fight

30
Q

3 types of animal pumps

A

contractile chamber, skeletal muscle, pulsating blood vessels

31
Q

mammalian heart structure, contraction, cardiac output

A
  • systole diastole
  • pacemaker in SA node right atrium
32
Q

differences in heart structure across taxa

A

-fish: serial chambers, passive valves
- amphibian: two atria one ventricle, spiral fold seperates blood
- turtles/lizards/snakes: two atria and ventricle with cavum venosum, cavum pulmonale and cavum arteriosum
-mammals: compact, two atria two ventricles, myogenic

33
Q

action potentials in heart

A

-pacemaker potential: caused by slow influx of Na, via F channel, increase in Ca depolarizes, decrease in Ca to stop it, increase in K for repolarization
- cardiomyocyte waveform: influx of Na depolarizes, decrease in Na increase in K to stop it, decrease in K increase in Ca to plateau, decrease in Ca increase in K to repolarize

34
Q

neurohormonal modulators of heart contraction

A

-Adrenergic = increased HR, more contraction, sympathetic
- cholinergic = reduce heart rate, less contraction, parasympathetic

35
Q

Describe features of molecules present within the plasma membrane

A
  1. lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols
  2. protein: integral & peripheral
  3. carbohydrates: glycolipids and glycoproteins
36
Q

Identify the function of membrane proteins

A
  1. channel: simple diffusion, always open
  2. transporter: moves molecules across membrane, opens on one end, out the other
  3. enzyme: catalyzes chemical reaction
  4. receptor: binds with molecules & then intitiates change
  5. structural protein: attaches to other molecules, anchor
37
Q

describe the mechanisms by which different molecules pass through plasma membrane

A
  • lipid soluble: passive diffusion
  • Hydrophilic molecules? need active transport/ facilitated diffusion
38
Q

describe the relationship between concentration gradients and electrical gradients

A

concentration gradients give rise to electrical gradients

Animal physiology 1 (8 decks)

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