Lecture 7

Question 1

What are the 3 obligatory water losses

Answer 1

• respiratory water loss
• urinary water loss
• fecal water loss

Question 2

what is the function of integument

Answer 2

responsible for protection and maintaining body heat

Question 3

What makes up integumentthats secreted by keratinocytes of the epidermis

Answer 3

stratum corneum

Question 4

What are water loss problems in terrapods

Answer 4

• lose water drom pulmonary evap ans across skin
• gain salt from eating inverts in saltwater

Question 5

What benefits do animals with ancestry of terrestrial tetrapods have for water loss

Answer 5

• air breathers (less water loss from blowholes or labryinth nasal passages)

Question 6

what are features of amphibian skin

Answer 6

-moist, smooth, thin integument
- can dry out
- cutaneous respiration
- multiceullar mucus goands
- granular goands secrete toxic substances

Question 7

what are features of amniote skin

Answer 7

• thicker, more keratinized, less permeable
• thickness limits gas exchange
• protects from trauma & less water loss

Question 8

what does the kidney do

Answer 8

maintains healthy balance of water salts and minerals like Na, Ca, P, K in your blood

Question 9

what are the general featurss of kidneys

Answer 9

• consist of tubular elements for discharge of fluides to outside
• produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from body fluids
• regulate composition and volume of body fluids

Question 10

What is a nephron

Answer 10

functional unit, 1 million per kidney, includes a capsule and tube system

Question 11

Bowmans capsule:

Answer 11

membranous sac

Question 12

glomerulus:

Answer 12

cluster of blood capillaries

Question 13

mammals produce urine that is ______ to blood

Answer 13

hyperosmotic

Question 14

Long tubule allows mammals to produce _______________ urine

Answer 14

very concentrated

Question 15

NaCl efflux in the ascending loop relies on _______

Answer 15

active transport

Question 16

The _______ occurs when the concentration of solutes in ascending limb is lower than the descending limb

Answer 16

single effect

Question 17

countercurrent multiplication relies on the __________ and __________

Answer 17

single effect, fluid movement

Question 18

osmotic pressure is highest in _________

Answer 18

the loop of henle

Question 19

How does fluid become concentrated

Answer 19

in the collecting duct based on interstitial osmolarity and the desire to reach equilibrium

Question 20

ammonia nitrogen is excreted in what 3 forms

Answer 20

ammonia, uric acid, urea

Question 21

Aquatic organisms usually excrete

Answer 21

ammonia

Question 22

Terrestrial organisms usually excrete:

Answer 22

uric acid or urea