midterm lectures 1-4

Question 1

what type of bone is dense and found in the shafts of long bones?

Answer 1

compact/cortical bone

Question 2

what are the three main mechanical functions of bone?

Answer 2

(1) structure
(2) protection
(3) facilitate movement

Question 3

what type of bone is porous and found at the ends of long bones and in vertebrae?

Answer 3

cancellous/spongy bone

Question 4

what does collagen do for bones?

Answer 4

provides flexibility/tensible strength

Question 5

what does calcium carbonate and phosphate do for bones?

Answer 5

provides stiffness/compressive strength

Question 6

cortical bones have a ____ modulus and a ____ strain at failure

Answer 6

higher, lower

Question 7

cancellous bones have a ____ modulus and a ____ strain at failure

Answer 7

lower, higher

Question 8

what are the different modes of loading?

Answer 8

(1) tension
(2) compression
(3) shear
(4) bending
(5) torsion
(6) combined loading

Question 9

what fracture pattern is generally seen with tension?

Answer 9

horizontal to the tension

Question 10

What fracture pattern is generally seen with compression?

Answer 10

diagonal to the compression

Question 11

what type of fracture pattern is generally seen with bending?

Answer 11

a mixture of diagonal and horizontal

Question 12

define wolff’s law

Answer 12

bone remodels in response to the mechanical loads placed on it

Question 13

define stress fracture

Answer 13

a partial or complete bone fracture that results from repeated application of a stress lower than the stress required to fracture the bone in a single loading

Question 14

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 14

skull, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

Question 15

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 15

pectoral girdles, upper and lower limbs, and pelvic girdle

Question 16

how many bones is within the axial skeleton?

Answer 16

80

Question 17

how many bones is within the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 17

126

Question 18

describe short bones

Answer 18

equal in length and width, utilized in areas of the body where strength is more important than mobility

Question 19

describe flat bones

Answer 19

thin, flat, sometimes curved, generally used for protection

Question 20

describe long bones

Answer 20

longer than they are wide and are elongated, act as levers to provide movement

Question 21

describe irregular bones

Answer 21

complex and varied shapes, used for protection, support and leverage in movement

Question 22

fossa

Answer 22

shallow, dish-shaped depression in a bone that serves as a surface or muscle attachment

Question 23

process

Answer 23

a bony prominence

Question 24

tuberosity

Answer 24

rounded , roughened projection of bone to which a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches

Question 25

condyle

Answer 25

rounded projection that articulates with another bone

Question 26

trochanter

Answer 26

blunt projection on the femur

Question 27

facet

Answer 27

small, flat surface for articulation

Question 28

foramen

Answer 28

hole for nerves or vessels

Question 29

epicondyle

Answer 29

a small condyle near a condyle

Question 30

types of joints based on structure

Answer 30

(1) fibrous (2) cartilaginous (3) synovial

Question 31

type of joints based on function

Answer 31

(1) immovable (2) slightly movable (3) freely moveable

Question 32

flexion

Answer 32

bending the joint

Question 33

extension

Answer 33

straightening the joint

Question 34

abduction

Answer 34

moving away from midline of body/body part

Question 35

abbduction

Answer 35

moving away from midline of body/body part

Question 36

elevation

Answer 36

moving to superior position

Question 37

depression

Answer 37

moving to inferior position

Question 38

rotation

Answer 38

turning about the vertical axis of the bone

Question 39

supination

Answer 39

rotating forearm laterally

Question 40

pronation

Answer 40

rotating forearm medially

Question 41

inversion

Answer 41

lifting the medial border of foot

Question 42

eversion

Answer 42

lifting lateral border of foot

Question 43

dorsiflexion

Answer 43

moving top of the foot towards the shin

Question 44

plantar flexion

Answer 44

moving the sole of the foot downward

Question 45

circumduction

Answer 45

circumscribing a conical area, involving flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in sequence

Question 46

superior

Answer 46

closer to the head

Question 47

inferior

Answer 47

farther away from the head

Question 48

anterior

Answer 48

towards the front of the body

Question 49

posterior

Answer 49

towards the back of the bodym

Question 50

medial

Answer 50

towards the midline of the body

Question 51

lateral

Answer 51

away from the midline of the body

Question 52

proximal

Answer 52

closer to the trunk

Question 53

distal

Answer 53

away from the trunk

Question 54

superficial

Answer 54

towards the surface of the body

Question 55

deep

Answer 55

inside the body and away from the body surface

Question 56

fibrous joints

Answer 56

connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity, limited mobility

Question 57

cartilaginous joints

Answer 57

cartilage exists at the interface but there is no joint cavity, limited mobility

Question 58

synovial joints

Answer 58

allow for large degree of relative motion between opposite bones and contain a joint cavity, high mobility

Question 59

what are some characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 59

(1) joint cavity (2) bone ends are lined with thin layer of hyaline cartilage (3) enclosed by a strong fibrous capsule (4) contains synovial fluid within the capsule

Question 60

what is the purpose of synovial fluid in the fibrous capsule of synovial joints?

Answer 60

to provide lubrication and nourishment to the cartilage

Question 61

what are the different types of synovial joints?

Answer 61

(1) ball and socket (2) condyloid (3) gliding (4) hinge (5) pivot (6) saddle

Question 62

ball and socket joint

Answer 62

spherical articulating head of a long bone fits into a cup-shaped cavity, considered triaxial

Question 63

condyloid

Answer 63

oval shaped articulating surfaces, biaxial

Question 64

gliding

Answer 64

articulating surfaces are flat, uniaxial

Question 65

hinge

Answer 65

cylindrical surface articulates with a trough-shaped surface, moves primarily around one axis

Question 66

pivot

Answer 66

rounded surface fits into a ring-like articulating surface, uniaxial

Question 67

saddle

Answer 67

both surfaces have concave and convex areas, biaxial

Question 68

what are the different types of cartilage?

Answer 68

(1) fibrocartilage (2) elastic cartilage (3) hyaline cartilage

Question 69

what is the purpose of fibrocartilage

Answer 69

(1) distributes load over joint surface (2) lubrication (3) shock absorption

Question 70

what are features of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 70

dense, white CT that provides protection and lubrication, coats the end of long bones

Question 71

what to ligaments do?

Answer 71

(1) connect bone to bone (2) protect against extreme motions (3) passive joint stabilizers

Question 72

what do tendons do?

Answer 72

(1) connect muscle to bone (2) transmit forces to impart movement

Question 73

what are tensions and ligaments made of?

Answer 73

collagen and elastin fibers

Question 74

define joint stability

Answer 74

The ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones

Question 75

what differs between ligaments and tendons in terms of strength and stiffness?

Answer 75

tendons have higher tensile strength and stiffness compared to ligaments, but ligaments can undergo more stain than tendons