midterm lectures 5-11

Question 1

functions of muscle tissue

Answer 1

(1) movement
(2) maintain posture
(3) joint stabilization
(4) heat generation

Question 2

types of muscle tissue

Answer 2

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 3

what are some behavioral properties of muscle tissue?

Answer 3

(1) extensibility
(2) elasticity
(3) irritability/excitability
(4) contractility

Question 4

extensibility

Answer 4

ability of muscle tissue to stretch for allowing flexibility and movement

Question 5

elasticity

Answer 5

ability of muscle tissue to recoil after stretch for muscle function and movement

Question 6

irritability

Answer 6

ability of muscle tissue to respond to stimuli to allow for tension and muscle contraction

Question 7

contractility

Answer 7

ability of muscle tissue to produce force through contraction

Question 8

describe hill’s model

Answer 8

utilizes circuit models to represent muscle behavior

Question 9

what are the different types of fibers?

Answer 9

(1) slow oxidative; type 1
(2) fast oxidative; type 2a
(3) fast glycolytic; type 2b

Question 10

what is a motor unit?

Answer 10

a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 11

slow oxidative fibers

Answer 11

obtain energy from aerobic metabolic reactions, contract slowly, and are highly fatigue-resistant, making them suitable for prolonged activities like maintaining posture

Question 12

fast oxidative fibers

Answer 12

contract quickly, are oxygen-dependent, and are moderately fatigue-resistant, making them suitable for activities like walking

Question 13

fast glycolytic fibers

Answer 13

a larger diameter, generate more power, contract rapidly, and tire quickly, making them suitable for short, high-intensity activities like sprinting

Question 14

what are the different types of fiber architecture

Answer 14

parallel and pennate fiber arrangement

Question 15

parallel fiber arrangement

Answer 15

parallel to the length of the whole muscle, have greater range of shortening and are long

Question 16

pennate fiber arrangement

Answer 16

oblique to the length of the muscle, shorter fibers angled from the tendon, and a smaller range of shortening

Question 17

different types of muscle contractions

Answer 17

(1) concentric
(2) eccentric
(3) isometric

Question 18

concentric contractions

Answer 18

involve the shortening of the muscle while generating force, such as lifting a weight during a biceps curl

Question 19

eccentric contractions

Answer 19

involve the lengthening of the muscle while generating force, such as lowering a weight during a biceps curl. These contractions can generate higher tension and are associated with delayed onset muscle soreness

Question 20

isometric contractions

Answer 20

involve generating force without changing the muscle length, such as holding a weight steady without moving it

Question 21

agonist

Answer 21

primary movers responsible for a particular movement

Question 22

antagonists

Answer 22

muscles that oppose a movement induced by an agonist

Question 23

stabilizers

Answer 23

muscles that hold a body part stable against another force

Question 24

neutralizers

Answer 24

muscles that cancel out undesired movement produced by other muscles

Question 25

list and define the two different muscle attachments

Answer 25

(1) origin; less movable attachment of a muscle (2) insertion; more moveable attachment of a muscle

Question 26

list the different types of motion

Answer 26

(1) rectilinear; straight line (2) curvilinear; curved lin (3) angular; rotation about an axis

Question 27

list the different types of reference planes

Answer 27

(1) sagittal (2) coronal (3) transverse

Question 28

list the different types of corresponding axes

Answer 28

(1) transverse (2) anterior-posterior (3) longitudinal

Question 29

what types of movement is measured in the sagittal plane?

Answer 29

(1) flexion (2) extension (3) hyperextension (4) dorsiflexion (5) plantarflexion

Question 30

what types of movement is measured in the coronal plane?

Answer 30

(1) abduction (2) adduction (3) elevation (4) depression (5) inversion (6) eversion

Question 31

what types of movement is measured in the transverse plane?

Answer 31

(1) rotation (2) pronation (3) supination

Question 32

joint centers

Answer 32

vertices of body segments, and are the point where angles can be measured

Question 33

relative angles

Answer 33

measured between moveably body segments using a goniometer

Question 34

absolute angles

Answer 34

measured relative to a fixed reference line

Question 35

describe how an optoelectronic device works

Answer 35

uses infrared cameras to track marker movements

Question 36

what are the pros and cons of an optoelectronic device?

Answer 36

pros: high accuracy cons: expensive, requires a controlled environment, may limit real-world movements

Question 37

what are the pros and cons of a markerless mocap system?

Answer 37

pros: affordable, portable, easy to use Cons: may not be as accurate in data collection

Question 38

what are some challenges that can arise when using mocap systems to measure movement?

Answer 38

(1) perspective error with regard to measurements/distances (2) parallax error with regard to consistent viewing in 1 plane (3) lens distortion (4) blurred camera (5) vibration and movement of camera

Question 39

what are some pros and cons of inertial measurement units?

Answer 39

pros: small devices, low cost, and portable cons: sensor has tendency to drift during capture, clothing and skin artifacts can present an obstacle

Question 40

list different devices that are utilized to measure kinetics

Answer 40

dynamometer force plates pressure sensors electromyography

Question 41

what are some different types of pressure sensors?

Answer 41

(1) LoadSol; measures plantar pressures (2) TekScan; senses pressure (3) Fujifilm; one-time usage (4) Pressure mapping platforms