MIDTERM (multiple choice) Flashcards by Drhae Palomo

Is a variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome, which can result in different traits or characteristics. A. Amniocentesis B. Backbone C. Base pair D. Allele

D. Allele

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A medical procedure used to sample amniotic fluid to detect genetic disorders in a fetus. A. Breeding value B. Biotype C. Amniocentesis D. Chromosome

C. Amniocentesis

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The structural framework of DNA consisting of a sugar-phosphate chain. A. Backbone B. Backcross C. Heterosis D. Gene pool

A. Backbone

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The mating of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent. A. Recombinant DNA B. Backcross C. Quantitative trait D. Founder effect

B. Backcross

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A pair of complementary nucleotides in a DNA molecule. A. Genetic drift B. Base pair C. Mutation D. Pedigree

B. Base pair

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A group of organisms sharing the same genetic makeup and adaptation characteristics. A. Selection pressure B. Biotype C. Genetic polymorphism D. Polyploidy

B. Biotype

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The genetic worth of an individual in terms of its ability to pass on desirable traits to offspring. A. Breeding value B. Trait inheritance C. SNP chip D. Genetic contributions

A. Breeding value

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A structure composed of DNA that contains genes, carrying hereditary information. A. Twin-spotting B. Embryo transfer C. Chromosome D. Biosafety

C. Chromosome

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A form of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Codominance C. Selection pressure D. Genetic marker

B. Codominance

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The practice of mating animals of different breeds to produce offspring with desirable traits. A. Conservation genetics B. Crossbreeding C. Marker-trait association D. Line breeding

B. Crossbreeding

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A trait that is expressed in the presence of a single copy of the allele. A. Inbreeding B. Dominant C. Recombinant D. Genetic diversity

B. Dominant

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A process that decreases the expression of a gene, often through regulatory mechanisms. A. Down-regulation B. Genetic engineering C. Epigenetics D. Pedigree

A. Down-regulation

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The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence. A. Genetic drift B. Epigenetics C. Gene pool D. Hybridization

B. Epigenetics

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A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or function. A. Trait inheritance B. Gene C. SNP chip D. Genetic resources

B. Gene

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A mechanism of evolution that results from random changes in allele frequencies in a population. A. Genetic drift B. Recessive C. Artificial insemination D. Fertility rate

A. Genetic drift

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A specific DNA sequence used to identify individuals or species. A. Cloning B. Genetic marker C. Reproductive efficiency D. Somatic cell nuclear transfer

B. Genetic marker

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The genetic makeup of an organism, determining its hereditary traits. A. Genotype B. Polygenic inheritance C. Conservation genetics D. Wild type

A. Genotype

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The increased performance or fitness of hybrid offspring compared to their parents. A. Heterosis B. Ethical breeding C. Selection pressure D. Polyploidy

A. Heterosis

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An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene. A. Codominance B. Homozygous C. Gene therapy D. Founder effect

B. Homozygous

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Another term for heterosis, referring to the superior qualities of hybrid offspring. A. SNP chip B. Twin-spotting C. Hybrid vigor D. Pedigree

C. Hybrid vigor

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The mating of closely related individuals, often leading to reduced genetic diversity. A. Inbreeding B. Crossbreeding C. Genetic marker D. Recombinant DNA

A. Inbreeding

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A reduction in fitness due to the breeding of closely related individuals, often resulting in genetic disorders. A. Genotype B. Inbreeding depression C. Quantitative trait D. Codominance

B. Inbreeding depression

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The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together. A. Linkage B. Mutation C. Recessive D. Polygenic inheritance

A. Linkage

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The specific location of a gene on a chromosome. A. Genetic drift B. Locus C. Selection pressure D. Gene flow

B. Locus

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25. A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism. A. Selection pressure B. Mutation C. Down-regulation D. Cloning

B. Mutation

26. The observable characteristics of an organism resulting from its genotype and environment. A. Phenotype B. Haplotype C. Gene pool D. Genomic imprinting

A. Phenotype

27. The inheritance of traits controlled by multiple genes. A. Pedigree B. Polygenic inheritance C. Recombinant D. Transgenic

B. Polygenic inheritance

A measurable characteristic influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Quantitative trait C. Genetic polymorphism D. Allele

B. Quantitative trait

29. A technology that involves combining DNA from different organisms to create new genetic combinations. A. Recombinant DNA B. Conservation genetics C. Gene pool D. Genetic predisposition

A. Recombinant DNA

30. The process of selecting specific individuals for reproduction to enhance desirable traits in future generations. A. Biotechnologies B. Selective breeding C. Twin-spotting D. Fertility rate

B. Selective breeding

31. A factor in the environment that influences which individuals survive and reproduce based on their traits. A. Selection pressure B. Inbreeding C. Recombinant DNA D. Genomic selection

A. Selection pressure

32. A trait associated with genes located on a sex chromosome, typically the X chromosome. A. Genetic drift B. Sex-linked trait C. Hybrid vigor D. Codominance

B. Sex-linked trait

33. A single nucleotide variation in the genome, which can serve as a genetic marker. A. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) B. Quantitative trait C. Linkage D. Genetic predisposition

A. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)

34. A genetic cross used to determine an organism's genotype by breeding it with a homozygous recessive individual. A. Testcross B. Selection pressure C. Founder effect D. Heritability

A. Testcross

35. An organism that has been genetically modified by introducing DNA from another species. A. Polygenic inheritance B. Transgenic C. Pedigree D. Genetic polymorphism

B. Transgenic

36. A phenomenon where adjacent cells in an organism develop differently due to genetic recombination during mitosis. A. Twin-spotting B. Balancing selection C. Hybridization D. Reproductive efficiency

A. Twin-spotting

37. A breeding approach that considers the emotional well-being and behavioral traits of animals. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Affective breeding C. Cloning D. Marker-assisted selection

B. Affective breeding

38. A reproductive technology that involves artificially introducing sperm into a female's reproductive tract. A. Artificial insemination B. Gene flow C. DNA sequencing D. Stratification

A. Artificial insemination

39. Technologies used in genetic research and applications, including cloning and genetic engineering. A. Selection pressure B. Biotechnologies C. Genetic diversity D. Pedigree

B. Biotechnologies

40. A process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell. A. Cloning B. Testcross C. Genetic marker D. Allele

A. Cloning

41. A field of genetics focused on maintaining and restoring genetic diversity in endangered species. A. Conservation genetics B. Founder effect C. Genetic predisposition D. Gene therapy

A. Conservation genetics

42. A region of DNA rich in cytosine and guanine that is often associated with gene regulation. A. CpG island B. SNP chip C. Transgenic D. Genetic engineering

A. CpG island

43. A method used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. A. Selection pressure B. DNA sequencing C. Reproductive efficiency D. Polygenic inheritance

B. DNA sequencing

44. A reproductive technology in which a fertilized embryo is transferred from one female to another. A. Genetic polymorphism B. Embryo transfer C. Quantitative trait locus D. Inbreeding depression

B. Embryo transfer

45. A measurement used in animal breeding to estimate the genetic potential of an offspring. A. EPD (Expected Progeny Difference) B. Pedigree C. Gene pool D. Mutation

A. EPD (Expected Progeny Difference)

46. The number of offspring produced per individual or population within a specific time frame. A. Codominance B. Selection pressure C. Fertility rate D. Recombinant DNA

C. Fertility rate

47. A genetic phenomenon where a small population is formed from a larger one, reducing genetic diversity. A. Genetic marker B. Founder effect C. SNP chip D. Linkage

B. Founder effect

48. The transfer of alleles from one population to another due to migration or breeding. A. Gene flow B. Skeletal dysplasia C. Heterosis D. Inbreeding depression

A. Gene flow

49. The total genetic material present in a population at a given time. A. Pedigree B. Genetic predisposition C. Gene pool D. Hybridization

C. Gene pool

50. The variety of genes within a species or population, contributing to adaptability and survival. A. Genetic diversity B. Recombinant DNA C. Twin-spotting D. Ethical breeding

A. Genetic diversity

51. A genetic phenomenon where the expression of a gene depends on whether it was inherited from the mother or the father. A. Genetic engineering B. Genomic imprinting C. DNA sequencing D. Hybrid vigor

B. Genomic imprinting

52. The direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology. A. Genetic engineering B. Pedigree C. Selection pressure D. Testcross

A. Genetic engineering

53. An increased likelihood of developing a particular disease due to genetic factors. A. Genetic resources B. Genetic predisposition C. Linkage D. Recessive

B. Genetic predisposition

54. A set of DNA variations that are inherited together from a single parent. A. Polyploidy B. Haplotype C. Founder effect D. Quantitative trait

B. Haplotype

55. The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors. A. Trait inheritance B. Heritability C. Recombinant DNA D. Genetic marker

B. Heritability

56. The process of crossing two genetically distinct individuals to create offspring with combined traits. A. Hybridization B. Skeletal dysplasia C. Twin-spotting D. Balancing selection

A. Hybridization

57. A disorder or disease that is passed down from parents to offspring through genes. A. Inherited disorder B. DNA sequencing C. Genetic contributions D. Selection pressure

A. Inherited disorder

58. A technique that uses genetic markers to assist in selecting desirable traits in breeding programs. A. Marker-assisted selection B. Quantitative trait locus C. Genetic polymorphism D. Pedigree

A. Marker-assisted selection

59. A branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of genes and gene expression. A. Molecular genetics B. Genomic selection C. Genetic engineering D. Testcross

A. Molecular genetics

60. DNA that exists outside of cells or has been released into the environment. A. Recombinant B. Naked DNA C. Genetic marker D. Hybrid vigor

B. Naked DNA

61. The retention of juvenile features in an adult organism, often due to delayed development. A. Polygenic inheritance B. Neoteny C. Genetic marker D. Testcross

B. Neoteny

62. The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, leading to genetic abnormalities. A. Nondisjunction B. Genetic drift C. SNP chip D. Recombinant DNA

A. Nondisjunction

63. A recorded lineage or ancestry of an individual, often used in breeding programs. A. Pedigree B. Genetic resources C. Epigenetics D. Linkage

A. Pedigree

64. The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism. A. Genetic predisposition B. Polyploidy C. Selection pressure D. Gene therapy

B. Polyploidy

65. A breeding approach that focuses on maintaining rare or endangered breeds to preserve genetic diversity. A. Preservation breeding B. Recombinant DNA C. Founder effect D. Crossbreeding

A. Preservation breeding

66. A specific region of the genome associated with a quantitative trait. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) C. Haplotype D. Pedigree

B. QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus)

67. A genetic trait that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele. A. Codominance B. Recessive C. Genetic drift D. Inbreeding depression

B. Recessive

68. A DNA molecule formed through the combination of genetic material from two different sources. A. Recombinant B. SNP chip C. Genomic imprinting D. Twin-spotting

A. Recombinant

69. The portion of variability in a trait that is not explained by genetic factors. A. Selection pressure B. Founder effect C. Residual variance D. Genetic marker

C. Residual variance

70. A group of disorders affecting bone growth and development, leading to abnormalities in the skeleton. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Gene pool C. Artificial insemination D. Ethical breeding

A. Skeletal dysplasia

71. A cloning technique where the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated egg cell. A. Selection pressure B. Somatic cell nuclear transfer C. Genetic drift D. Twin-spotting

B. Somatic cell nuclear transfer

72. The division of a population into subgroups based on genetic or environmental differences. A. Stratification B. Recombinant DNA C. Codominance D. Pedigree

A. Stratification

73. A chromosomal abnormality where a segment of a chromosome is relocated to another chromosome. A. Hybridization B. Translocation C. SNP chip D. Genetic engineering

B. Translocation

74. A genetic condition where both copies of a chromosome or part of a chromosome come from only one parent. A. Uniparental disomy B. Heritability C. Gene flow D. Polyploidy

A. Uniparental disomy

75. A statistical measure of how much individuals in a population differ from the average. A. Genetic diversity B. Variance C. Recessive D. Founder effect

B. Variance

76. A reduced or non-functional anatomical structure that has lost its original purpose due to evolution. A. Selection pressure B. Vestigial structure C. Epigenetics D. Polygenic inheritance

B. Vestigial structure

77. The standard form of a gene or phenotype that is most commonly found in a natural population. A. Genetic marker B. Artificial insemination C. Wild type D. Genetic predisposition

C. Wild type

78. A mode of speciation that occurs without geographical isolation, often due to ecological or behavioral factors. A. Genetic drift B. Sympatric speciation C. Recombinant D. Breeding value

B. Sympatric speciation

79. A medical technique that involves introducing, removing, or altering genes to treat or prevent disease. A. Gene therapy B. Testcross C. Genetic imprinting D. SNP chip

A. Gene therapy

80. The practice of improving livestock quality by breeding them with higher-performing animals. A. Molecular genetics B. Grading up C. Marker-assisted selection D. Skeletal dysplasia

B. Grading up

81. The application of safety measures to prevent potential risks associated with biotechnology and genetic engineering. A. Biosafety B. Genetic contributions C. Testcross D. Haplotype

A. Biosafety

82. A breeding approach that prioritizes animal welfare, sustainability, and responsible genetic selection. A. Genetic predisposition B. Ethical breeding C. Founder effect D. Recombinant DNA

B. Ethical breeding

The process of selectively breeding animals to improve traits related to productivity, health, and performance. A. Livestock improvement B. Genetic diversity C. Inbreeding depression D. SNP chip

A. Livestock improvement

84. A professional service that helps individuals understand genetic risks and inheritance patterns. A. Genetic counseling B. Pedigree C. Conservation genetics D. Hybridization

A. Genetic counseling

85. The process by which traits are passed from one generation to the next through genetic material. A. Genetic engineering B. Trait inheritance C. Genetic drift D. Artificial insemination

B. Trait inheritance

86. A type of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity by favoring multiple alleles in a population. A. Balancing selection B. Selection pressure C. Gene therapy D. Recessive

A. Balancing selection

87. The process of using genome-wide data to predict and select for desirable traits in breeding programs. A. Recombinant DNA B. Genomic selection C. DNA sequencing D. Skeletal dysplasia

B. Genomic selection

88. The relationship between genetic markers and specific traits, used in breeding and genetic studies. A. Genetic resources B. Marker-trait association C. Heterosis D. Reproductive efficiency

B. Marker-trait association

89. The occurrence of multiple genetic variations in a population, contributing to diversity. A. Genetic polymorphism B. Founder effect C. Neoteny D. CpG island

A. Genetic polymorphism

90. A structured breeding strategy designed to achieve specific genetic improvements in a population. A. Breeding program B. Sympatric speciation C. Line breeding D. Transgenic

A. Breeding program

91. The observable characteristics and traits of an animal resulting from genetic and environmental influences. A. Animal phenotype B. DNA sequencing C. Translocation D. QTL

A. Animal phenotype

92. A clearly defined goal that guides selective breeding decisions to enhance specific traits. A. Breeding objective B. Naked DNA C. Gene flow D. Codominance

A. Breeding objective

93. The study of genetic variation within populations and how it changes over time due to evolutionary forces. A. Population genetics B. Testcross C. Skeletal dysplasia D. Cloning

A. Population genetics

94. A DNA analysis tool used to detect SNPs and assess genetic variations for breeding and research purposes. A. SNP chip B. Recombinant C. Fertility rate D. Pedigree

A. SNP chip

95. A genetically uniform group of animals within a breeding program, selected for specific traits. A. Breeding line B. Genetic predisposition C. Selection pressure D. Mutation

A. Breeding line

96. Traits related to reproductive performance, such as litter size and fertility rate, important in breeding. A. Fertility traits B. Heritability C. Codominance D. Recombinant DNA

A. Fertility traits

97. The ability of an animal to successfully reproduce, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A. Genetic diversity B. Reproductive efficiency C. Marker-assisted selection D. Artificial insemination

B. Reproductive efficiency

98. The genetic impact of individuals on future generations based on their reproductive success. A. Genetic contributions B. Transgenic C. Balancing selection D. Polyploidy

A. Genetic contributions

99. A breeding strategy that maintains desirable traits by mating related individuals within a lineage. A. Line breeding B. Hybridization C. Wild type D. Conservation genetics

A. Line breeding

100. The total genetic material available in a species, essential for conservation and breeding programs. A. Genetic resources B. Pedigree C. SNP chip D. Variance

A. Genetic resources