midterm one

Question 1

behavior

Answer 1

any internally coordinated, externally visible pattern of activity that responds to external or internal conditions

Question 2

octopus can see with skin, camouflage without brain or eyes

Answer 2

debated whether this is a behavior

Question 3

proximate causes of behavior

Answer 3

immediate cause, usually physiological

Question 4

ultimate cause of behavior

Answer 4

evolutionary or adaptive cause

Question 5

frogs jumping out of puddles, scientist put tadpoles in puddles with a control predator, a predator and nothing

Answer 5

experimental study

Question 6

Do chimpanzees change their diet when they are nursing or pregnant. watched and recorded diet

Answer 6

observational study

Question 7

looked at whether burrowing behavior/patterns are derived or ancestral

Answer 7

comparative study using a phylogeny

Question 8

Evolution requires:

Answer 8

1) variability
2) heritability
3) variation causes difference in fitness

Question 9

What causes difference in behavior

Answer 9

1) genetics
2) environment + genetics
3) learning
4) if behavior doesn’t affect fitness
5) behavior is condition dependent
6) behavior is frequency dependent

Question 10

male crickets call when they are well fed but not when they aren’t

Answer 10

condition dependent

Question 11

negative frequency dependence

Answer 11

the more rare a behavior is, the higher it’s fitness is

Question 12

multiple species of salamanders have a polymorphism for stripe on back, but not many of each species have it

Answer 12

negative frequency dependence

Question 13

Measures of heritability

Answer 13

parent offspring regression

artificial selection

Question 14

great tits were taken from the wild and rated on exploratory behavior, as were their offspring

Answer 14

parent offspring regression

Question 15

researchers took great tits who were most exploratory and most shy and mated them

Answer 15

artificial selection

Question 16

Modes of natural selection

Answer 16

1) directional
2) disruptive
3) stabilizing

Question 17

lizards were raced and then let into the wild, fastest survived most

Answer 17

directional selection

Question 18

spade foot toad tadpoles have carnivores, omnivores and intermediates, but carnivores and omnivores have adaptive body structures and are found to survive more than intermediate

Answer 18

2) disruptive selection

Question 19

in convict cochlid, gish guard an area that they get food from, so it is found that fish with medium size territory get the biggest bc they get enough food and don’t waste energy guarding

Answer 19

stabilizing selection

Question 20

an explanation for cooperation

Answer 20

kin selection

Question 21

heritability formula

Answer 21

Vp=Vg+Ve+Vgxe

Question 22

Broad sense heritability

Answer 22

proportion of phenotype variation in a population due to genetics

Question 23

narrow sense heritability

Answer 23

proportion of phenotype variation in a population due to additive effects

Question 24

Types of genetic effects

Answer 24

1) additive effects
2) dominance effects
3) epistatic effect

Question 25

fruit flies are identical except some are yellow, yellow flies are found to mate less

Answer 25

additive effect

Question 26

when scientists make a hormone inactive in mice, they get less stressed/anxious

Answer 26

knockout genes

Question 27

collect fire ants from two populations of different social structure and observe the genetics of those in each population

Answer 27

identifying alleles on a gene that effect behavior

Question 28

pea aphids feed on different plants, mate these two and then mate offspring and look at DNA

Answer 28

Quantitative trait loci mapping

Question 29

detection of chemical stimuli | àmost primitive and widespread sensory system àinvolves gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)

Answer 29

chemoreception

Question 30

detection of dissolved chemicals (“tastants”)

Answer 30

gustation

Question 31

detection of water or airborne chemicals (“odorants”) | à general odorants (not species-specific): food, danger etc.

Answer 31

olfaction

Question 32

species-specific organic compounds produced by an | individual that affect behavior of another individual àcan be odorants or tastants

Answer 32

pheromones

Question 33

cuttlefish like to lay eggs with other eggs, how do they find other eggs

Answer 33

chemoreception

Question 34

ability to perceive light and physical objects

Answer 34

photoreception

Question 35

vision receptors that contain photosensitive proteins called opsins à variation in opsin structure confers sensitivity to different wavelengths of light

Answer 35

photoreceptors

Question 36

Pied flycatchers with sunscreen on plumage

Answer 36

photoreception, ultraviolet plumage reception light

Question 37

Pit viper snakes with water balloons

Answer 37

photoreceptor infrared light reception

Question 38

detect vibrations through air, water, or physical surfaces

Answer 38

mechanoreception

Question 39

elephants: measured response of group to known female's call vs unknown female's call

Answer 39

mechanoreception infrasound communication

Question 40

moths: deafened, hearing and sham female, mating--> do they buzz wings to mate

Answer 40

mechanoreception ultrasonic sonic

Question 41

Antlion larvae feed on ants | In sandy environments dig funnel-shaped pits

Answer 41

mechanoreception substrate born vibrations

Question 42

the ability to detect weak electric fields à can electrolocate in dark environments or find buried prey à widespread in sharks and rays

Answer 42

electroreception

Question 43

hammerhead sharks in water with active dipoles vs other sharks-- big head more adaptive?

Answer 43

electroreception

Question 44

ability to detect earth’s magnetic field

Answer 44

Magnetoreception

Question 45

cut trigeminal and olfactory nerves in birds to see if they can still tell direction

Answer 45

magneto reception

Question 46

ultrasonic vocalizations in bats and insects responsive flight behaviors

Answer 46

coevolution